perlintern(1)

NAME

perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely internal Perl functions

DESCRIPTION

This file is the autogenerated documentation of functions in the Perl interpreter that are documented using Perl's internal documentation format but are not marked as part of the Perl API. In other words, they are not for use in extensions!

It has the same sections as perlapi, though some may be empty.

AV Handling

"av_fetch_simple"

This is a cut-down version of av_fetch that assumes that the array is very straightforward - no magic, not readonly, and AvREAL - and that "key" is not negative. This function MUST NOT be used in situations where any of those assumptions may not hold.

Returns the SV at the specified index in the array. The "key" is the index. If lval is true, you are guaranteed to get a real SV back (in case it wasn't real before), which you can then modify. Check that the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to a "SV*".

The rough perl equivalent is $myarray[$key].

 SV **  av_fetch_simple(AV *av, SSize_t key, I32 lval)

"AvFILLp"

If the array "av" is empty, this returns -1; otherwise it returns the maximum value of the indices of all the array elements which are currently defined in "av". It does not handle magic, hence the "p" private indication in its name.

 SSize_t  AvFILLp(AV* av)

"av_new_alloc"

This implements ""newAV_alloc_x"" in perlapi and ""newAV_alloc_xz"" in perlapi, which are the public API for this functionality.

Creates a new AV and allocates its SV* array.

This is similar to, but more efficient than doing:

    AV *av = newAV();
    av_extend(av, key);

The size parameter is used to pre-allocate a SV* array large enough to hold at least elements "0..(size-1)". "size" must be at least 1.

The "zeroflag" parameter controls whether or not the array is NULL initialized.

 AV *  av_new_alloc(SSize_t size, bool zeroflag)

"av_store_simple"

This is a cut-down version of av_store that assumes that the array is very straightforward - no magic, not readonly, and AvREAL - and that "key" is not negative. This function MUST NOT be used in situations where any of those assumptions may not hold.

Stores an SV in an array. The array index is specified as "key". It can be dereferenced to get the "SV*" that was stored there (= "val")).

Note that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of "val" before the call.

Approximate Perl equivalent: "splice(@myarray, $key, 1, $val)".

 SV **  av_store_simple(AV *av, SSize_t key, SV *val)

Callback Functions

"dowantarray"

"DEPRECATED!" It is planned to remove "dowantarray" from a future release of Perl. Do not use it for new code; remove it from existing code.

Implements the deprecated ""GIMME"" in perlapi.

 U8  dowantarray()

"leave_scope"

Implements "LEAVE_SCOPE" which you should use instead.

 void  leave_scope(I32 base)

"magic_freedestruct"

This function is called via magic to implement the mortal_destructor_sv() and mortal_destructor_x() functions. It should not be called directly and has no user servicable parts.

 int  magic_freedestruct(SV *sv, MAGIC *mg)

"mortal_svfunc_x"

This function arranges for a C function reference to be called at the end of the current statement with the arguments provided. It is a wrapper around mortal_destructor_sv() which ensures that the latter function is called appropriately.

Be aware that there is a signficant difference in timing between the end of the current statement and the end of the current pseudo block. If you are looking for a mechanism to trigger a function at the end of the current pseudo block you should look at ""SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X"" in perlapi instead of this function.

 void  mortal_svfunc_x(SVFUNC_t f, SV *p)

"pop_scope"

Implements ""LEAVE"" in perlapi

 void  pop_scope()

"push_scope"

Implements ""ENTER"" in perlapi

 void  push_scope()

"save_adelete"

Implements "SAVEADELETE".

 void  save_adelete(AV *av, SSize_t key)

"save_freercpv"

Implements "SAVEFREERCPV".

Saves and frees a refcounted string. Calls rcpv_free() on the argument when the current pseudo block is finished.

 void  save_freercpv(char *rcpv)

"save_generic_pvref"

Implements "SAVEGENERICPV".

Like save_pptr(), but also Safefree()s the new value if it is different from the old one. Can be used to restore a global char* to its prior contents, freeing new value.

 void  save_generic_pvref(char **str)

"save_generic_svref"

Implements "SAVEGENERICSV".

Like save_sptr(), but also SvREFCNT_dec()s the new value. Can be used to restore a global SV to its prior contents, freeing new value.

 void  save_generic_svref(SV **sptr)

"save_hdelete"

Implements "SAVEHDELETE".

 void  save_hdelete(HV *hv, SV *keysv)

"save_hints"

Implements "SAVEHINTS".

 void  save_hints()

"save_op"

Implements "SAVEOP".

 void  save_op()

"save_padsv_and_mortalize"

Implements "SAVEPADSVANDMORTALIZE".

 void  save_padsv_and_mortalize(PADOFFSET off)

"save_pushptr"

The refcnt of object "ptr" will be decremented at the end of the current pseudo-block. "type" gives the type of "ptr", expressed as one of the constants in scope.h whose name begins with "SAVEt_".

This is the underlying implementation of several macros, like "SAVEFREESV".

 void  save_pushptr(void * const ptr, const int type)

"save_rcpv"

Implements "SAVERCPV".

Saves and restores a refcounted string, similar to what save_generic_svref would do for a SV*. Can be used to restore a refcounted string to its previous state. Performs the appropriate refcount counting so that nothing should leak or be prematurely freed.

 void  save_rcpv(char **prcpv)

"save_scalar_at"

A helper function for localizing the SV referenced by *sptr.

If "SAVEf_KEEPOLDELEM" is set in in "flags", the function returns the input scalar untouched.

Otherwise it replaces *sptr with a new "undef" scalar, and returns that. The new scalar will have the old one's magic (if any) copied to it. If there is such magic, and "SAVEf_SETMAGIC" is set in in "flags", 'set' magic will be processed on the new scalar. If unset, 'set' magic will be skipped. The latter typically means that assignment will soon follow (e.g., 'local $x = $y'), and that will handle the magic.

 SV *  save_scalar_at(SV **sptr, const U32 flags)

"save_set_svflags"

Implements "SAVESETSVFLAGS".

Set the SvFLAGS specified by mask to the values in val

 void  save_set_svflags(SV *sv, U32 mask, U32 val)

"save_shared_pvref"

Implements "SAVESHAREDPV".

Like save_generic_pvref(), but uses PerlMemShared_free() rather than Safefree(). Can be used to restore a shared global char* to its prior contents, freeing new value.

 void  save_shared_pvref(char **str)

"save_vptr"

Implements "SAVEVPTR".

 void  save_vptr(void *ptr)

Casting

There are currently no internal API items in Casting

Character case changing

There are currently no internal API items in Character case changing

Character classification

There are currently no internal API items in Character classification

Compiler and Preprocessor information

There are currently no internal API items in Compiler and Preprocessor information

Compiler directives

There are currently no internal API items in Compiler directives

Compile-time scope hooks

"BhkENTRY"

NOTE: "BhkENTRY" is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

Return an entry from the BHK structure. "which" is a preprocessor token indicating which entry to return. If the appropriate flag is not set this will return "NULL". The type of the return value depends on which entry you ask for.

 void *  BhkENTRY(BHK *hk, token which)

"BhkFLAGS"

NOTE: "BhkFLAGS" is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

Return the BHK's flags.

 U32  BhkFLAGS(BHK *hk)

"CALL_BLOCK_HOOKS"

NOTE: "CALL_BLOCK_HOOKS" is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

Call all the registered block hooks for type "which". "which" is a preprocessing token; the type of "arg" depends on "which".

 void  CALL_BLOCK_HOOKS(token which, arg)

Concurrency

"CVf_SLABBED"

"CvROOT"

"CvSTART"

Described in perlguts.

"CX_CUR"

Described in perlguts.

   CX_CUR()

"CXINC"

Described in perlguts.

"CX_LEAVE_SCOPE"

Described in perlguts.

 void  CX_LEAVE_SCOPE(PERL_CONTEXT* cx)

"CX_POP"

Described in perlguts.

 void  CX_POP(PERL_CONTEXT* cx)

"cxstack"

Described in perlguts.

"cxstack_ix"

Described in perlguts.

"CXt_BLOCK"

"CXt_EVAL"

"CXt_FORMAT"

"CXt_GIVEN"

"CXt_LOOP_ARY"

"CXt_LOOP_LAZYIV"

"CXt_LOOP_LAZYSV"

"CXt_LOOP_LIST"

"CXt_LOOP_PLAIN"

"CXt_NULL"

"CXt_SUB"

"CXt_SUBST"

"CXt_WHEN"

Described in perlguts.

"cx_type"

Described in perlguts.

"dounwind"

Described in perlguts.

 void  dounwind(I32 cxix)

"my_fork"

This is for the use of "PerlProc_fork" as a wrapper for the C library fork(2) on some platforms to hide some platform quirks. It should not be used except through "PerlProc_fork".

 Pid_t  my_fork()

"PERL_CONTEXT"

Described in perlguts.

COPs and Hint Hashes

There are currently no internal API items in COPs and Hint Hashes

Custom Operators

"core_prototype"

This function assigns the prototype of the named core function to "sv", or to a new mortal SV if "sv" is "NULL". It returns the modified "sv", or "NULL" if the core function has no prototype. "code" is a code as returned by keyword(). It must not be equal to 0.

 SV *  core_prototype(SV *sv, const char *name, const int code,
                      int * const opnum)

CV Handling

"CvREFCOUNTED_ANYSV"

If true, indicates that the "CvXSUBANY(cv).any_sv" member contains an SV pointer whose reference count should be decremented when the CV itself is freed. In addition, cv_clone() will increment the reference count, and sv_dup() will duplicate the entire pointed-to SV if this flag is set.

Any CV that wraps an XSUB has an "ANY" union that the XSUB function is free to use for its own purposes. It may be the case that the code wishes to store an SV in the "any_sv" member of this union. By setting this flag, this SV reference will be properly reclaimed or duplicated when the CV itself is.

 bool  CvREFCOUNTED_ANYSV(CV *cv)

"CvREFCOUNTED_ANYSV_off"

Helper macro to turn off the "CvREFCOUNTED_ANYSV" flag.

 void  CvREFCOUNTED_ANYSV_off(CV *cv)

"CvREFCOUNTED_ANYSV_on"

Helper macro to turn on the "CvREFCOUNTED_ANYSV" flag.

 void  CvREFCOUNTED_ANYSV_on(CV *cv)

"CvWEAKOUTSIDE"

Each CV has a pointer, CvOUTSIDE(), to its lexically enclosing CV (if any). Because pointers to anonymous sub prototypes are stored in "&" pad slots, it is a possible to get a circular reference, with the parent pointing to the child and vice-versa. To avoid the ensuing memory leak, we do not increment the reference count of the CV pointed to by "CvOUTSIDE" in the one specific instance that the parent has a "&" pad slot pointing back to us. In this case, we set the "CvWEAKOUTSIDE" flag in the child. This allows us to determine under what circumstances we should decrement the refcount of the parent when freeing the child.

There is a further complication with non-closure anonymous subs (i.e. those that do not refer to any lexicals outside that sub). In this case, the anonymous prototype is shared rather than being cloned. This has the consequence that the parent may be freed while there are still active children, e.g.,

    BEGIN { $a = sub { eval '$x' } }

In this case, the BEGIN is freed immediately after execution since there are no active references to it: the anon sub prototype has "CvWEAKOUTSIDE" set since it's not a closure, and $a points to the same CV, so it doesn't contribute to BEGIN's refcount either. When $a is executed, the "eval '$x'" causes the chain of "CvOUTSIDE"s to be followed, and the freed BEGIN is accessed.

To avoid this, whenever a CV and its associated pad is freed, any "&" entries in the pad are explicitly removed from the pad, and if the refcount of the pointed-to anon sub is still positive, then that child's "CvOUTSIDE" is set to point to its grandparent. This will only occur in the single specific case of a non-closure anon prototype having one or more active references (such as $a above).

One other thing to consider is that a CV may be merely undefined rather than freed, eg "undef &foo". In this case, its refcount may not have reached zero, but we still delete its pad and its "CvROOT" etc. Since various children may still have their "CvOUTSIDE" pointing at this undefined CV, we keep its own "CvOUTSIDE" for the time being, so that the chain of lexical scopes is unbroken. For example, the following should print 123:

    my $x = 123;
    sub tmp { sub { eval '$x' } }
    my $a = tmp();
    undef &tmp;
    print  $a->();

 bool  CvWEAKOUTSIDE(CV *cv)

"docatch"

Interpose, for the current op and RUNOPS loop,

    - a new JMPENV stack catch frame, and
    - an inner RUNOPS loop to run all the remaining ops following the
      current PL_op.

Then handle any exceptions raised while in that loop. For a caught eval at this level, re-enter the loop with the specified restart op (i.e. the op following the OP_LEAVETRY etc); otherwise re-throw the exception.

docatch() is intended to be used like this:

    PP(pp_entertry)
    {
        if (CATCH_GET)
            return docatch(Perl_pp_entertry);
        ... rest of function ...
        return PL_op->op_next;
    }

If a new catch frame isn't needed, the op behaves normally. Otherwise it calls docatch(), which recursively calls pp_entertry(), this time with CATCH_GET() false, so the rest of the body of the entertry is run. Then docatch() calls CALLRUNOPS() which executes all the ops following the entertry. When the loop finally finishes, control returns to docatch(), which pops the JMPENV and returns to the parent pp_entertry(), which itself immediately returns. Note that *all* subsequent ops are run within the inner RUNOPS loop, not just the body of the eval. For example, in

    sub TIEARRAY { eval {1}; my $x }
    tie @a, "main";

at the point the 'my' is executed, the C stack will look something like:

    #10 main()
    #9  perl_run()              # JMPENV_PUSH level 1 here
    #8  S_run_body()
    #7  Perl_runops_standard()  # main RUNOPS loop
    #6  Perl_pp_tie()
    #5  Perl_call_sv()
    #4  Perl_runops_standard()  # unguarded RUNOPS loop: no new JMPENV
    #3  Perl_pp_entertry()
    #2  S_docatch()             # JMPENV_PUSH level 2 here
    #1  Perl_runops_standard()  # docatch()'s RUNOPs loop
    #0  Perl_pp_padsv()

Basically, any section of the perl core which starts a RUNOPS loop may make a promise that it will catch any exceptions and restart the loop if necessary. If it's not prepared to do that (like call_sv() isn't), then it sets CATCH_GET() to true, so that any later eval-like code knows to set up a new handler and loop (via docatch()).

See "Exception handing" in perlinterp for further details.

 OP *  docatch(Perl_ppaddr_t firstpp)

Debugging

"comma_aDEPTH"

Some functions when compiled under DEBUGGING take an extra final argument named "depth", indicating the C stack depth. This argument is omitted otherwise. This macro expands to either ", depth" under DEBUGGING, or to nothing at all when not under DEBUGGING, reducing the number of "#ifdef"'s in the code.

The program is responsible for maintaining the correct value for "depth".

   comma_aDEPTH

"comma_pDEPTH"

This is used in the prototype declarations for functions that take a ""comma_aDEPTH"" final parameter, much like "pTHX_" is used in functions that take a thread context initial parameter.

"debop"

Implements -Dt perl command line option on OP "o".

 I32  debop(const OP *o)

"debprof"

Called to indicate that "o" was executed, for profiling purposes under the "-DP" command line option.

 void  debprof(const OP *o)

"debprofdump"

Dumps the contents of the data collected by the "-DP" perl command line option.

 void  debprofdump()

"debug_aDEPTH"

Same as ""comma_aDEPTH"" but with no leading argument. Intended for functions with no normal arguments, and used by ""comma_aDEPTH"" itself.

   debug_aDEPTH

"debug_pDEPTH"

Same as ""comma_pDEPTH"" but with no leading argument. Intended for functions with no normal arguments, and used by ""comma_pDEPTH"" itself.

   debug_pDEPTH

"free_c_backtrace"

Deallocates a backtrace received from get_c_backtrace.

 void  free_c_backtrace(Perl_c_backtrace *bt)

"get_c_backtrace"

Collects the backtrace (aka "stacktrace") into a single linear malloced buffer, which the caller must Perl_free_c_backtrace().

Scans the frames back by "depth + skip", then drops the "skip" innermost, returning at most "depth" frames.

 Perl_c_backtrace *  get_c_backtrace(int max_depth, int skip)

"PL_DBsingle"

When Perl is run in debugging mode, with the -d switch, this SV is a boolean which indicates whether subs are being single-stepped. Single-stepping is automatically turned on after every step. This is the C variable which corresponds to Perl's $DB::single variable. See "PL_DBsub".

On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.

 SV *  PL_DBsingle

"PL_DBsub"

When Perl is run in debugging mode, with the -d switch, this GV contains the SV which holds the name of the sub being debugged. This is the C variable which corresponds to Perl's $DB::sub variable. See "PL_DBsingle".

On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.

 GV *  PL_DBsub

"PL_DBtrace"

Trace variable used when Perl is run in debugging mode, with the -d switch. This is the C variable which corresponds to Perl's $DB::trace variable. See "PL_DBsingle".

On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.

 SV *  PL_DBtrace

"runops_debug"

Described in perlguts.

 int  runops_debug()

"runops_standard"

Described in perlguts.

 int  runops_standard()

Display functions

"sv_peek"

Implements "SvPEEK"

 char *  sv_peek(SV *sv)

Embedding, Threads, and Interpreter Cloning

"cv_dump"

dump the contents of a CV

 void  cv_dump(const CV *cv, const char *title)

"cv_forget_slab"

When a CV has a reference count on its slab ("CvSLABBED"), it is responsible for making sure it is freed. (Hence, no two CVs should ever have a reference count on the same slab.) The CV only needs to reference the slab during compilation. Once it is compiled and "CvROOT" attached, it has finished its job, so it can forget the slab.

 void  cv_forget_slab(CV *cv)

"do_dump_pad"

Dump the contents of a padlist

 void  do_dump_pad(I32 level, PerlIO *file, PADLIST *padlist,
                   int full)

"get_context"

Implements ""PERL_GET_CONTEXT"" in perlapi, which you should use instead.

 void *  get_context()

"pad_alloc_name"

Allocates a place in the currently-compiling pad (via "pad_alloc" in perlapi) and then stores a name for that entry. "name" is adopted and becomes the name entry; it must already contain the name string. "typestash" and "ourstash" and the "padadd_STATE" flag gets added to "name". None of the other processing of "pad_add_name_pvn" in perlapi is done. Returns the offset of the allocated pad slot.

 PADOFFSET  pad_alloc_name(PADNAME *name, U32 flags, HV *typestash,
                           HV *ourstash)

"pad_block_start"

Update the pad compilation state variables on entry to a new block.

 void  pad_block_start(int full)

"pad_check_dup"

Check for duplicate declarations: report any of:

     * a 'my' in the current scope with the same name;
     * an 'our' (anywhere in the pad) with the same name and the
       same stash as 'ourstash'

"is_our" indicates that the name to check is an "our" declaration.

 void  pad_check_dup(PADNAME *name, U32 flags, const HV *ourstash)

"pad_findlex"

Find a named lexical anywhere in a chain of nested pads. Add fake entries in the inner pads if it's found in an outer one.

Returns the offset in the bottom pad of the lex or the fake lex. "cv" is the CV in which to start the search, and seq is the current "cop_seq" to match against. If "warn" is true, print appropriate warnings. The "out_"* vars return values, and so are pointers to where the returned values should be stored. "out_capture", if non-null, requests that the innermost instance of the lexical is captured; "out_name" is set to the innermost matched pad name or fake pad name; "out_flags" returns the flags normally associated with the "PARENT_FAKELEX_FLAGS" field of a fake pad name.

Note that pad_findlex() is recursive; it recurses up the chain of CVs, then comes back down, adding fake entries as it goes. It has to be this way because fake names in anon prototypes have to store in "xpadn_low" the index into the parent pad.

 PADOFFSET  pad_findlex(const char *namepv, STRLEN namelen,
                        U32 flags, const CV *cv, U32 seq, int warn,
                        SV **out_capture, PADNAME **out_name,
                        int *out_flags)

"pad_fixup_inner_anons"

For any anon CVs in the pad, change "CvOUTSIDE" of that CV from "old_cv" to "new_cv" if necessary. Needed when a newly-compiled CV has to be moved to a pre-existing CV struct.

 void  pad_fixup_inner_anons(PADLIST *padlist, CV *old_cv,
                             CV *new_cv)

"pad_free"

Free the SV at offset po in the current pad.

 void  pad_free(PADOFFSET po)

"pad_leavemy"

Cleanup at end of scope during compilation: set the max seq number for lexicals in this scope and warn of any lexicals that never got introduced.

 OP *  pad_leavemy()

"padlist_dup"

Duplicates a pad.

 PADLIST *  padlist_dup(PADLIST *srcpad, CLONE_PARAMS *param)

"padname_dup"

Duplicates a pad name.

 PADNAME *  padname_dup(PADNAME *src, CLONE_PARAMS *param)

"padnamelist_dup"

Duplicates a pad name list.

 PADNAMELIST *  padnamelist_dup(PADNAMELIST *srcpad,
                                CLONE_PARAMS *param)

"pad_push"

Push a new pad frame onto the padlist, unless there's already a pad at this depth, in which case don't bother creating a new one. Then give the new pad an @_ in slot zero.

 void  pad_push(PADLIST *padlist, int depth)

"pad_reset"

Mark all the current temporaries for reuse

 void  pad_reset()

"pad_setsv"

Set the value at offset "po" in the current (compiling or executing) pad. Use the macro PAD_SETSV() rather than calling this function directly.

 void  pad_setsv(PADOFFSET po, SV *sv)

"pad_sv"

Get the value at offset "po" in the current (compiling or executing) pad. Use macro "PAD_SV" instead of calling this function directly.

 SV *  pad_sv(PADOFFSET po)

"pad_swipe"

Abandon the tmp in the current pad at offset "po" and replace with a new one.

 void  pad_swipe(PADOFFSET po, bool refadjust)

"set_context"

Implements ""PERL_SET_CONTEXT"" in perlapi, which you should use instead.

 void  set_context(void *t)

"si_dup"

Duplicate a stack info structure, returning a pointer to the cloned object.

 PERL_SI *  si_dup(PERL_SI *si, CLONE_PARAMS *param)

"ss_dup"

Duplicate the save stack, returning a pointer to the cloned object.

 ANY *  ss_dup(PerlInterpreter *proto_perl, CLONE_PARAMS *param)

Errno

"dSAVEDERRNO"

Declare variables needed to save "errno" and any operating system specific error number.

 void  dSAVEDERRNO

"dSAVE_ERRNO"

Declare variables needed to save "errno" and any operating system specific error number, and save them for optional later restoration by "RESTORE_ERRNO".

 void  dSAVE_ERRNO

"RESTORE_ERRNO"

Restore "errno" and any operating system specific error number that was saved by "dSAVE_ERRNO" or "RESTORE_ERRNO".

 void  RESTORE_ERRNO

"SAVE_ERRNO"

Save "errno" and any operating system specific error number for optional later restoration by "RESTORE_ERRNO". Requires "dSAVEDERRNO" or "dSAVE_ERRNO" in scope.

 void  SAVE_ERRNO

"SETERRNO"

Set "errno", and on VMS set "vaxc$errno".

 void  SETERRNO(int errcode, int vmserrcode)

Exception Handling (simple) Macros

There are currently no internal API items in Exception Handling (simple) Macros

Filesystem configuration values

There are currently no internal API items in Filesystem configuration values

Floating point

There are currently no internal API items in Floating point

General Configuration

There are currently no internal API items in General Configuration

Global Variables

There are currently no internal API items in Global Variables

GV Handling and Stashes

"amagic_applies"

Check "sv" to see if the overloaded (active magic) operation "method" applies to it. If the sv is not SvROK or it is not an object then returns false, otherwise checks if the object is blessed into a class supporting overloaded operations, and returns true if a call to amagic_call() with this SV and the given method would trigger an amagic operation, including via the overload fallback rules or via nomethod. Thus a call like:

    amagic_applies(sv, string_amg, AMG_unary)

would return true for an object with overloading set up in any of the following ways:

    use overload q("") => sub { ... };
    use overload q(0+) => sub { ... }, fallback => 1;

and could be used to tell if a given object would stringify to something other than the normal default ref stringification.

Note that the fact that this function returns TRUE does not mean you can succesfully perform the operation with amagic_call(), for instance any overloaded method might throw a fatal exception, however if this function returns FALSE you can be confident that it will NOT perform the given overload operation.

"method" is an integer enum, one of the values found in overload.h, for instance "string_amg".

"flags" should be set to AMG_unary for unary operations.

 bool  amagic_applies(SV *sv, int method, int flags)

"gp_dup"

Duplicate a typeglob, returning a pointer to the cloned object.

 GP *  gp_dup(GP * const gp, CLONE_PARAMS * const param)

"gv_handler"

Implements "StashHANDLER", which you should use instead

 CV *  gv_handler(HV *stash, I32 id)

"gv_stashsvpvn_cached"

Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package, possibly cached. Implements both ""gv_stashpvn"" in perlapi and ""gv_stashsv"" in perlapi.

Requires one of either "namesv" or "namepv" to be non-null.

If the flag "GV_CACHE_ONLY" is set, return the stash only if found in the cache; see ""gv_stashpvn"" in perlapi for details on the other "flags".

Note it is strongly preferred for "namesv" to be non-null, for performance reasons.

 HV *  gv_stashsvpvn_cached(SV *namesv, const char *name,
                            U32 namelen, I32 flags)

"gv_try_downgrade"

NOTE: "gv_try_downgrade" is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

If the typeglob "gv" can be expressed more succinctly, by having something other than a real GV in its place in the stash, replace it with the optimised form. Basic requirements for this are that "gv" is a real typeglob, is sufficiently ordinary, and is only referenced from its package. This function is meant to be used when a GV has been looked up in part to see what was there, causing upgrading, but based on what was found it turns out that the real GV isn't required after all.

If "gv" is a completely empty typeglob, it is deleted from the stash.

If "gv" is a typeglob containing only a sufficiently-ordinary constant sub, the typeglob is replaced with a scalar-reference placeholder that more compactly represents the same thing.

 void  gv_try_downgrade(GV *gv)

Hook manipulation

There are currently no internal API items in Hook manipulation

HV Handling

"hv_eiter_p"

Implements "HvEITER" which you should use instead.

NOTE: "hv_eiter_p" must be explicitly called as "Perl_hv_eiter_p" with an "aTHX_" parameter.

 HE **  Perl_hv_eiter_p(pTHX_ HV *hv)

"hv_eiter_set"

Implements "HvEITER_set" which you should use instead.

NOTE: "hv_eiter_set" must be explicitly called as "Perl_hv_eiter_set" with an "aTHX_" parameter.

 void  Perl_hv_eiter_set(pTHX_ HV *hv, HE *eiter)

"hv_ename_add"

Adds a name to a stash's internal list of effective names. See "hv_ename_delete".

This is called when a stash is assigned to a new location in the symbol table.

 void  hv_ename_add(HV *hv, const char *name, U32 len, U32 flags)

"hv_ename_delete"

Removes a name from a stash's internal list of effective names. If this is the name returned by "HvENAME", then another name in the list will take its place ("HvENAME" will use it).

This is called when a stash is deleted from the symbol table.

 void  hv_ename_delete(HV *hv, const char *name, U32 len,
                       U32 flags)

"hv_fill"

Returns the number of hash buckets that happen to be in use.

This function implements the "HvFILL" macro which you should use instead.

As of perl 5.25 this function is used only for debugging purposes, and the number of used hash buckets is not in any way cached, thus this function can be costly to execute as it must iterate over all the buckets in the hash.

NOTE: "hv_fill" must be explicitly called as "Perl_hv_fill" with an "aTHX_" parameter.

 STRLEN  Perl_hv_fill(pTHX_ HV * const hv)

"hv_placeholders_get"

Implements "HvPLACEHOLDERS_get", which you should use instead.

NOTE: "hv_placeholders_get" must be explicitly called as "Perl_hv_placeholders_get" with an "aTHX_" parameter.

 I32  Perl_hv_placeholders_get(pTHX_ const HV *hv)

"hv_placeholders_set"

Implements "HvPLACEHOLDERS_set", which you should use instead.

NOTE: "hv_placeholders_set" must be explicitly called as "Perl_hv_placeholders_set" with an "aTHX_" parameter.

 void  Perl_hv_placeholders_set(pTHX_ HV *hv, I32 ph)

"hv_riter_p"

Implements "HvRITER" which you should use instead.

NOTE: "hv_riter_p" must be explicitly called as "Perl_hv_riter_p" with an "aTHX_" parameter.

 I32 *  Perl_hv_riter_p(pTHX_ HV *hv)

"hv_riter_set"

Implements "HvRITER_set" which you should use instead.

NOTE: "hv_riter_set" must be explicitly called as "Perl_hv_riter_set" with an "aTHX_" parameter.

 void  Perl_hv_riter_set(pTHX_ HV *hv, I32 riter)

"refcounted_he_chain_2hv"

Generates and returns a "HV *" representing the content of a "refcounted_he" chain. "flags" is currently unused and must be zero.

 HV *  refcounted_he_chain_2hv(const struct refcounted_he *c,
                               U32 flags)

"refcounted_he_fetch_pv"

Like "refcounted_he_fetch_pvn", but takes a nul-terminated string instead of a string/length pair.

 SV *  refcounted_he_fetch_pv(const struct refcounted_he *chain,
                              const char *key, U32 hash, U32 flags)

"refcounted_he_fetch_pvn"

Search along a "refcounted_he" chain for an entry with the key specified by "keypv" and "keylen". If "flags" has the "REFCOUNTED_HE_KEY_UTF8" bit set, the key octets are interpreted as UTF-8, otherwise they are interpreted as Latin-1. "hash" is a precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been precomputed. Returns a mortal scalar representing the value associated with the key, or &PL_sv_placeholder if there is no value associated with the key.

 SV *  refcounted_he_fetch_pvn(const struct refcounted_he *chain,
                               const char *keypv, STRLEN keylen,
                               U32 hash, U32 flags)

"refcounted_he_fetch_pvs"

Like "refcounted_he_fetch_pvn", but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair, and no precomputed hash.

 SV *  refcounted_he_fetch_pvs(const struct refcounted_he *chain,
                               "key", U32 flags)

"refcounted_he_fetch_sv"

Like "refcounted_he_fetch_pvn", but takes a Perl scalar instead of a string/length pair.

 SV *  refcounted_he_fetch_sv(const struct refcounted_he *chain,
                              SV *key, U32 hash, U32 flags)

"refcounted_he_free"

Decrements the reference count of a "refcounted_he" by one. If the reference count reaches zero the structure's memory is freed, which (recursively) causes a reduction of its parent "refcounted_he"'s reference count. It is safe to pass a null pointer to this function: no action occurs in this case.

 void  refcounted_he_free(struct refcounted_he *he)

"refcounted_he_inc"

Increment the reference count of a "refcounted_he". The pointer to the "refcounted_he" is also returned. It is safe to pass a null pointer to this function: no action occurs and a null pointer is returned.

 struct refcounted_he *  refcounted_he_inc(
                                          struct refcounted_he *he)

"refcounted_he_new_pv"

Like "refcounted_he_new_pvn", but takes a nul-terminated string instead of a string/length pair.

 struct refcounted_he *  refcounted_he_new_pv(
                                      struct refcounted_he *parent,
                                      const char *key, U32 hash,
                                      SV *value, U32 flags)

"refcounted_he_new_pvn"

Creates a new "refcounted_he". This consists of a single key/value pair and a reference to an existing "refcounted_he" chain (which may be empty), and thus forms a longer chain. When using the longer chain, the new key/value pair takes precedence over any entry for the same key further along the chain.

The new key is specified by "keypv" and "keylen". If "flags" has the "REFCOUNTED_HE_KEY_UTF8" bit set, the key octets are interpreted as UTF-8, otherwise they are interpreted as Latin-1. "hash" is a precomputed hash of the key string, or zero if it has not been precomputed.

"value" is the scalar value to store for this key. "value" is copied by this function, which thus does not take ownership of any reference to it, and later changes to the scalar will not be reflected in the value visible in the "refcounted_he". Complex types of scalar will not be stored with referential integrity, but will be coerced to strings. "value" may be either null or &PL_sv_placeholder to indicate that no value is to be associated with the key; this, as with any non-null value, takes precedence over the existence of a value for the key further along the chain.

"parent" points to the rest of the "refcounted_he" chain to be attached to the new "refcounted_he". This function takes ownership of one reference to "parent", and returns one reference to the new "refcounted_he".

 struct refcounted_he *  refcounted_he_new_pvn(
                                      struct refcounted_he *parent,
                                      const char *keypv,
                                      STRLEN keylen, U32 hash,
                                      SV *value, U32 flags)

"refcounted_he_new_pvs"

Like "refcounted_he_new_pvn", but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair, and no precomputed hash.

 struct refcounted_he *  refcounted_he_new_pvs(
                                      struct refcounted_he *parent,
                                      "key", SV *value, U32 flags)

"refcounted_he_new_sv"

Like "refcounted_he_new_pvn", but takes a Perl scalar instead of a string/length pair.

 struct refcounted_he *  refcounted_he_new_sv(
                                      struct refcounted_he *parent,
                                      SV *key, U32 hash, SV *value,
                                      U32 flags)

"unsharepvn"

If no one has access to shared string "str" with length "len", free it.

"len" and "hash" must both be valid for "str".

 void  unsharepvn(const char *sv, I32 len, U32 hash)

Input/Output

"dirp_dup"

Duplicate a directory handle, returning a pointer to the cloned object.

 DIR *  dirp_dup(DIR * const dp, CLONE_PARAMS * const param)

"fp_dup"

Duplicate a file handle, returning a pointer to the cloned object.

 PerlIO *  fp_dup(PerlIO * const fp, const char type,
                  CLONE_PARAMS * const param)

"my_fflush_all"

Implements "PERL_FLUSHALL_FOR_CHILD" on some platforms.

 I32  my_fflush_all()

"my_mkostemp"

The C library mkostemp(3) if available, or a Perl implementation of it.

NOTE: "my_mkostemp" must be explicitly called as "Perl_my_mkostemp" .

 int  Perl_my_mkostemp(char *templte, int flags)

"my_mkstemp"

The C library mkstemp(3) if available, or a Perl implementation of it.

NOTE: "my_mkstemp" must be explicitly called as "Perl_my_mkstemp" .

 int  Perl_my_mkstemp(char *templte)

"PL_last_in_gv"

The GV which was last used for a filehandle input operation. ("<FH>")

On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.

 GV*  PL_last_in_gv

"PL_ofsgv"

The glob containing the output field separator - "*," in Perl space.

On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.

 GV*  PL_ofsgv

"PL_rs"

The input record separator - $/ in Perl space.

On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.

 SV*  PL_rs

"start_glob"

NOTE: "start_glob" is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

Function called by "do_readline" to spawn a glob (or do the glob inside perl on VMS). This code used to be inline, but now perl uses "File::Glob" this glob starter is only used by miniperl during the build process, or when PERL_EXTERNAL_GLOB is defined. Moving it away shrinks pp_hot.c; shrinking pp_hot.c helps speed perl up.

NOTE: "start_glob" must be explicitly called as "Perl_start_glob" with an "aTHX_" parameter.

 PerlIO *  Perl_start_glob(pTHX_ SV *tmpglob, IO *io)

Integer

There are currently no internal API items in Integer

I/O Formats

There are currently no internal API items in I/O Formats

Lexer interface

"resume_compcv_and_save"

Resumes a buffer previously suspended by the "suspend_compcv" function, in a way that will be re-suspended at the end of the scope so it can be used again later. This should be used within an "ENTER"/"LEAVE" scoped pair.

 void  resume_compcv_and_save(struct suspended_compcv *buffer)

"resume_compcv_final"

Resumes the parser state previously saved using the "suspend_compcv" function for a final time before being compiled into a full CV. This should be used within an "ENTER"/"LEAVE" scoped pair.

 void  resume_compcv_final(struct suspended_compcv *buffer)

"validate_proto"

NOTE: "validate_proto" is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

This function performs syntax checking on a prototype, "proto". If "warn" is true, any illegal characters or mismatched brackets will trigger illegalproto warnings, declaring that they were detected in the prototype for "name".

The return value is "true" if this is a valid prototype, and "false" if it is not, regardless of whether "warn" was "true" or "false".

Note that "NULL" is a valid "proto" and will always return "true".

 bool  validate_proto(SV *name, SV *proto, bool warn,
                      bool curstash)

Locales

There are currently no internal API items in Locales

Magic

"magic_clearhint"

Triggered by a delete from "%^H", records the key to "PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash".

 int  magic_clearhint(SV *sv, MAGIC *mg)

"magic_clearhints"

Triggered by clearing "%^H", resets "PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash".

 int  magic_clearhints(SV *sv, MAGIC *mg)

"magic_methcall"

Invoke a magic method (like FETCH).

"sv" and "mg" are the tied thingy and the tie magic.

"meth" is the name of the method to call.

"argc" is the number of args (in addition to $self) to pass to the method.

The "flags" can be:

    G_DISCARD     invoke method with G_DISCARD flag and don't
                  return a value
    G_UNDEF_FILL  fill the stack with argc pointers to
                  PL_sv_undef

The arguments themselves are any values following the "flags" argument.

Returns the SV (if any) returned by the method, or "NULL" on failure.

NOTE: "magic_methcall" must be explicitly called as "Perl_magic_methcall" with an "aTHX_" parameter.

 SV *  Perl_magic_methcall(pTHX_ SV *sv, const MAGIC *mg,
                           SV *meth, U32 flags, U32 argc, ...)

"magic_sethint"

Triggered by a store to "%^H", records the key/value pair to "PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash". It is assumed that hints aren't storing anything that would need a deep copy. Maybe we should warn if we find a reference.

 int  magic_sethint(SV *sv, MAGIC *mg)

"mg_dup"

Duplicate a chain of magic, returning a pointer to the cloned object.

 MAGIC *  mg_dup(MAGIC *mg, CLONE_PARAMS * const param)

"mg_localize"

Copy some of the magic from an existing SV to new localized version of that SV. Container magic (e.g., %ENV, $1, "tie") gets copied, value magic doesn't (e.g., "taint", "pos").

If "setmagic" is false then no set magic will be called on the new (empty) SV. This typically means that assignment will soon follow (e.g. 'local $x = $y'), and that will handle the magic.

 void  mg_localize(SV *sv, SV *nsv, bool setmagic)

Memory Management

"calloc"

Implements ""Newxz"" in perlapi which you should use instead.

NOTE: "calloc" must be explicitly called as "Perl_calloc" .

 Malloc_t  Perl_calloc(MEM_SIZE elements, MEM_SIZE size)

"malloc"

Implements ""Newx"" in perlapi which you should use instead.

NOTE: "malloc" must be explicitly called as "Perl_malloc" .

 Malloc_t  Perl_malloc(MEM_SIZE nbytes)

"mfree"

Implements ""Safefree"" in perlapi which you should use instead.

NOTE: "mfree" must be explicitly called as "Perl_mfree" .

 Free_t  Perl_mfree(Malloc_t where)

"realloc"

Implements ""Renew"" in perlapi which you should use instead.

NOTE: "realloc" must be explicitly called as "Perl_realloc" .

 Malloc_t  Perl_realloc(Malloc_t where, MEM_SIZE nbytes)

MRO

"mro_get_linear_isa_dfs"

Returns the Depth-First Search linearization of @ISA the given stash. The return value is a read-only AV* whose elements are string SVs giving class names. "level" should be 0 (it is used internally in this function's recursion).

You are responsible for SvREFCNT_inc() on the return value if you plan to store it anywhere semi-permanently (otherwise it might be deleted out from under you the next time the cache is invalidated).

 AV *  mro_get_linear_isa_dfs(HV *stash, U32 level)

"mro_isa_changed_in"

Takes the necessary steps (cache invalidations, mostly) when the @ISA of the given package has changed. Invoked by the "setisa" magic, should not need to invoke directly.

 void  mro_isa_changed_in(HV *stash)

"mro_package_moved"

Call this function to signal to a stash that it has been assigned to another spot in the stash hierarchy. "stash" is the stash that has been assigned. "oldstash" is the stash it replaces, if any. "gv" is the glob that is actually being assigned to.

This can also be called with a null first argument to indicate that "oldstash" has been deleted.

This function invalidates isa caches on the old stash, on all subpackages nested inside it, and on the subclasses of all those, including non-existent packages that have corresponding entries in "stash".

It also sets the effective names ("HvENAME") on all the stashes as appropriate.

If the "gv" is present and is not in the symbol table, then this function simply returns. This checked will be skipped if "flags & 1".

 void  mro_package_moved(HV * const stash, HV * const oldstash,
                         const GV * const gv, U32 flags)

Multicall Functions

There are currently no internal API items in Multicall Functions

Numeric Functions

"isinfnansv"

Checks whether the argument would be either an infinity or "NaN" when used as a number, but is careful not to trigger non-numeric or uninitialized warnings. it assumes the caller has done SvGETMAGIC(sv) already.

Note that this always accepts trailing garbage (similar to "grok_number_flags" with "PERL_SCAN_TRAILING"), so "inferior" and "NAND gates" will return true.

 bool  isinfnansv(SV *sv)

Optrees

"newATTRSUB_x"

Construct a Perl subroutine, also performing some surrounding jobs.

This function is expected to be called in a Perl compilation context, and some aspects of the subroutine are taken from global variables associated with compilation. In particular, "PL_compcv" represents the subroutine that is currently being compiled. It must be non-null when this function is called, and some aspects of the subroutine being constructed are taken from it. The constructed subroutine may actually be a reuse of the "PL_compcv" object, but will not necessarily be so.

If "block" is null then the subroutine will have no body, and for the time being it will be an error to call it. This represents a forward subroutine declaration such as "sub foo ($$);". If "block" is non-null then it provides the Perl code of the subroutine body, which will be executed when the subroutine is called. This body includes any argument unwrapping code resulting from a subroutine signature or similar. The pad use of the code must correspond to the pad attached to "PL_compcv". The code is not expected to include a "leavesub" or "leavesublv" op; this function will add such an op. "block" is consumed by this function and will become part of the constructed subroutine.

"proto" specifies the subroutine's prototype, unless one is supplied as an attribute (see below). If "proto" is null, then the subroutine will not have a prototype. If "proto" is non-null, it must point to a "const" op whose value is a string, and the subroutine will have that string as its prototype. If a prototype is supplied as an attribute, the attribute takes precedence over "proto", but in that case "proto" should preferably be null. In any case, "proto" is consumed by this function.

"attrs" supplies attributes to be applied the subroutine. A handful of attributes take effect by built-in means, being applied to "PL_compcv" immediately when seen. Other attributes are collected up and attached to the subroutine by this route. "attrs" may be null to supply no attributes, or point to a "const" op for a single attribute, or point to a "list" op whose children apart from the "pushmark" are "const" ops for one or more attributes. Each "const" op must be a string, giving the attribute name optionally followed by parenthesised arguments, in the manner in which attributes appear in Perl source. The attributes will be applied to the sub by this function. "attrs" is consumed by this function.

If "o_is_gv" is false and "o" is null, then the subroutine will be anonymous. If "o_is_gv" is false and "o" is non-null, then "o" must point to a "const" OP, which will be consumed by this function, and its string value supplies a name for the subroutine. The name may be qualified or unqualified, and if it is unqualified then a default stash will be selected in some manner. If "o_is_gv" is true, then "o" doesn't point to an "OP" at all, but is instead a cast pointer to a "GV" by which the subroutine will be named.

If there is already a subroutine of the specified name, then the new sub will either replace the existing one in the glob or be merged with the existing one. A warning may be generated about redefinition.

If the subroutine has one of a few special names, such as "BEGIN" or "END", then it will be claimed by the appropriate queue for automatic running of phase-related subroutines. In this case the relevant glob will be left not containing any subroutine, even if it did contain one before. In the case of "BEGIN", the subroutine will be executed and the reference to it disposed of before this function returns.

The function returns a pointer to the constructed subroutine. If the sub is anonymous then ownership of one counted reference to the subroutine is transferred to the caller. If the sub is named then the caller does not get ownership of a reference. In most such cases, where the sub has a non-phase name, the sub will be alive at the point it is returned by virtue of being contained in the glob that names it. A phase-named subroutine will usually be alive by virtue of the reference owned by the phase's automatic run queue. But a "BEGIN" subroutine, having already been executed, will quite likely have been destroyed already by the time this function returns, making it erroneous for the caller to make any use of the returned pointer. It is the caller's responsibility to ensure that it knows which of these situations applies.

 CV *  newATTRSUB_x(I32 floor, OP *o, OP *proto, OP *attrs,
                    OP *block, bool o_is_gv)

"newMYSUB"

Construct a Perl lexical subroutine, also performing some surrounding jobs, and returning a pointer to the constructed subroutine.

Similar in action to ""newATTRSUB_x"" in perlintern.

 CV *  newMYSUB(I32 floor, OP *o, OP *proto, OP *attrs, OP *block)

"newXS_len_flags"

Construct an XS subroutine, also performing some surrounding jobs.

The subroutine will have the entry point "subaddr". It will have the prototype specified by the nul-terminated string "proto", or no prototype if "proto" is null. The prototype string is copied; the caller can mutate the supplied string afterwards. If "filename" is non-null, it must be a nul-terminated filename, and the subroutine will have its "CvFILE" set accordingly. By default "CvFILE" is set to point directly to the supplied string, which must be static. If "flags" has the "XS_DYNAMIC_FILENAME" bit set, then a copy of the string will be taken instead.

Other aspects of the subroutine will be left in their default state. If anything else needs to be done to the subroutine for it to function correctly, it is the caller's responsibility to do that after this function has constructed it. However, beware of the subroutine potentially being destroyed before this function returns, as described below.

If "name" is null then the subroutine will be anonymous, with its "CvGV" referring to an "__ANON__" glob. If "name" is non-null then the subroutine will be named accordingly, referenced by the appropriate glob. "name" is a string of length "len" bytes giving a sigilless symbol name, in UTF-8 if "flags" has the "SVf_UTF8" bit set and in Latin-1 otherwise. The name may be either qualified or unqualified, with the stash defaulting in the same manner as for "gv_fetchpvn_flags". "flags" may contain flag bits understood by "gv_fetchpvn_flags" with the same meaning as they have there, such as "GV_ADDWARN". The symbol is always added to the stash if necessary, with "GV_ADDMULTI" semantics.

If there is already a subroutine of the specified name, then the new sub will replace the existing one in the glob. A warning may be generated about the redefinition. If the old subroutine was "CvCONST" then the decision about whether to warn is influenced by an expectation about whether the new subroutine will become a constant of similar value. That expectation is determined by "const_svp". (Note that the call to this function doesn't make the new subroutine "CvCONST" in any case; that is left to the caller.) If "const_svp" is null then it indicates that the new subroutine will not become a constant. If "const_svp" is non-null then it indicates that the new subroutine will become a constant, and it points to an "SV*" that provides the constant value that the subroutine will have.

If the subroutine has one of a few special names, such as "BEGIN" or "END", then it will be claimed by the appropriate queue for automatic running of phase-related subroutines. In this case the relevant glob will be left not containing any subroutine, even if it did contain one before. In the case of "BEGIN", the subroutine will be executed and the reference to it disposed of before this function returns, and also before its prototype is set. If a "BEGIN" subroutine would not be sufficiently constructed by this function to be ready for execution then the caller must prevent this happening by giving the subroutine a different name.

The function returns a pointer to the constructed subroutine. If the sub is anonymous then ownership of one counted reference to the subroutine is transferred to the caller. If the sub is named then the caller does not get ownership of a reference. In most such cases, where the sub has a non-phase name, the sub will be alive at the point it is returned by virtue of being contained in the glob that names it. A phase-named subroutine will usually be alive by virtue of the reference owned by the phase's automatic run queue. But a "BEGIN" subroutine, having already been executed, will quite likely have been destroyed already by the time this function returns, making it erroneous for the caller to make any use of the returned pointer. It is the caller's responsibility to ensure that it knows which of these situations applies.

 CV *  newXS_len_flags(const char *name, STRLEN len,
                       XSUBADDR_t subaddr,
                       const char * const filename,
                       const char * const proto, SV ** const_svp,
                       U32 flags)

"op_refcnt_lock"

Implements the "OP_REFCNT_LOCK" macro which you should use instead.

 void  op_refcnt_lock()

"op_refcnt_unlock"

Implements the "OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK" macro which you should use instead.

 void  op_refcnt_unlock()

"traverse_op_tree"

Return the next op in a depth-first traversal of the op tree, returning NULL when the traversal is complete.

The initial call must supply the root of the tree as both top and o.

For now it's static, but it may be exposed to the API in the future.

 OP *  traverse_op_tree(OP *top, OP *o)

Pack and Unpack

There are currently no internal API items in Pack and Unpack

Pad Data Structures

"CX_CURPAD_SAVE"

Save the current pad in the given context block structure.

 void  CX_CURPAD_SAVE(struct context)

"CX_CURPAD_SV"

Access the SV at offset "po" in the saved current pad in the given context block structure (can be used as an lvalue).

 SV *  CX_CURPAD_SV(struct context, PADOFFSET po)

"PAD_BASE_SV"

Get the value from slot "po" in the base (DEPTH=1) pad of a padlist

 SV *  PAD_BASE_SV(PADLIST padlist, PADOFFSET po)

"PAD_CLONE_VARS"

Clone the state variables associated with running and compiling pads.

 void  PAD_CLONE_VARS(PerlInterpreter *proto_perl,
                      CLONE_PARAMS* param)

"PAD_COMPNAME_FLAGS"

Return the flags for the current compiling pad name at offset "po". Assumes a valid slot entry.

 U32  PAD_COMPNAME_FLAGS(PADOFFSET po)

"PAD_COMPNAME_GEN"

The generation number of the name at offset "po" in the current compiling pad (lvalue).

 STRLEN  PAD_COMPNAME_GEN(PADOFFSET po)

"PAD_COMPNAME_GEN_set"

Sets the generation number of the name at offset "po" in the current ling pad (lvalue) to "gen".

 STRLEN  PAD_COMPNAME_GEN_set(PADOFFSET po, int gen)

"PAD_COMPNAME_OURSTASH"

Return the stash associated with an "our" variable. Assumes the slot entry is a valid "our" lexical.

 HV *  PAD_COMPNAME_OURSTASH(PADOFFSET po)

"PAD_COMPNAME_PV"

Return the name of the current compiling pad name at offset "po". Assumes a valid slot entry.

 char *  PAD_COMPNAME_PV(PADOFFSET po)

"PAD_COMPNAME_TYPE"

Return the type (stash) of the current compiling pad name at offset "po". Must be a valid name. Returns null if not typed.

 HV *  PAD_COMPNAME_TYPE(PADOFFSET po)

"PadnameIsFIELD"

Whether this is a "field" variable. PADNAMEs where this is true will have additional information available via "PadnameFIELDINFO".

 bool  PadnameIsFIELD(PADNAME * pn)

"PadnameIsOUR"

Whether this is an "our" variable.

 bool  PadnameIsOUR(PADNAME * pn)

"PadnameIsSTATE"

Whether this is a "state" variable.

 bool  PadnameIsSTATE(PADNAME * pn)

"PadnameOURSTASH"

The stash in which this "our" variable was declared.

 HV *  PadnameOURSTASH(PADNAME * pn)

"PadnameOUTER"

Whether this entry belongs to an outer pad. Entries for which this is true are often referred to as 'fake'.

 bool  PadnameOUTER(PADNAME * pn)

"PadnameTYPE"

The stash associated with a typed lexical. This returns the %Foo:: hash for "my Foo $bar".

 HV *  PadnameTYPE(PADNAME * pn)

"PAD_RESTORE_LOCAL"

Restore the old pad saved into the local variable "opad" by PAD_SAVE_LOCAL()

 void  PAD_RESTORE_LOCAL(PAD *opad)

"PAD_SAVE_LOCAL"

Save the current pad to the local variable "opad", then make the current pad equal to "npad"

 void  PAD_SAVE_LOCAL(PAD *opad, PAD *npad)

"PAD_SAVE_SETNULLPAD"

Save the current pad then set it to null.

 void  PAD_SAVE_SETNULLPAD()

"PAD_SET_CUR"

Set the current pad to be pad "n" in the padlist, saving the previous current pad. NB currently this macro expands to a string too long for some compilers, so it's best to replace it with

    SAVECOMPPAD();
    PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE(padlist,n);

 void  PAD_SET_CUR(PADLIST padlist, I32 n)

"PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE"

like PAD_SET_CUR, but without the save

 void  PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE(PADLIST padlist, I32 n)

"PAD_SETSV"

Set the slot at offset "po" in the current pad to "sv"

 SV *  PAD_SETSV(PADOFFSET po, SV* sv)

"PAD_SV"

Get the value at offset "po" in the current pad

 SV *  PAD_SV(PADOFFSET po)

"PAD_SVl"

Lightweight and lvalue version of "PAD_SV". Get or set the value at offset "po" in the current pad. Unlike "PAD_SV", does not print diagnostics with -DX. For internal use only.

 SV *  PAD_SVl(PADOFFSET po)

"SAVECLEARSV"

Clear the pointed to pad value on scope exit. (i.e. the runtime action of "my")

 void  SAVECLEARSV(SV **svp)

"SAVECOMPPAD"

save "PL_comppad" and "PL_curpad"

 void  SAVECOMPPAD()

"SAVEPADSV"

Save a pad slot (used to restore after an iteration)

 void  SAVEPADSV(PADOFFSET po)

Password and Group access

There are currently no internal API items in Password and Group access

Paths to system commands

There are currently no internal API items in Paths to system commands

Prototype information

There are currently no internal API items in Prototype information

Reference-counted stack manipulation

There are currently no internal API items in Reference-counted stack manipulation

REGEXP Functions

"regnode"

Described in perlreguts.

Reports and Formats

There are currently no internal API items in Reports and Formats

Signals

There are currently no internal API items in Signals

Site configuration

There are currently no internal API items in Site configuration

Sockets configuration values

There are currently no internal API items in Sockets configuration values

Source Filters

There are currently no internal API items in Source Filters

Stack Manipulation Macros

"djSP"

Declare Just "SP". This is actually identical to "dSP", and declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer, available via the "SP" macro. See ""SP" in perlapi". (Available for backward source code compatibility with the old (Perl 5.005) thread model.)

   djSP();

"LVRET"

True if this op will be the return value of an lvalue subroutine

"save_alloc"

Implements ""SSNEW"" in perlapi and kin, which should be used instead of this function.

 SSize_t  save_alloc(SSize_t size, I32 pad)

String Handling

"delimcpy_no_escape"

Copy a source buffer to a destination buffer, stopping at (but not including) the first occurrence in the source of the delimiter byte, "delim". The source is the bytes between "from" and "from_end" - 1. Similarly, the dest is "to" up to "to_end".

The number of bytes copied is written to *retlen.

Returns the position of "delim" in the "from" buffer, but if there is no such occurrence before "from_end", then "from_end" is returned, and the entire buffer "from" .. "from_end" - 1 is copied.

If there is room in the destination available after the copy, an extra terminating safety "NUL" byte is appended (not included in the returned length).

The error case is if the destination buffer is not large enough to accommodate everything that should be copied. In this situation, a value larger than "to_end" - "to" is written to *retlen, and as much of the source as fits will be written to the destination. Not having room for the safety "NUL" is not considered an error.

 char *  delimcpy_no_escape(char *to, const char *to_end,
                            const char *from, const char *from_end,
                            const int delim, I32 *retlen)

"my_cxt_init"

Implements the ""MY_CXT_INIT"" in perlxs macro, which you should use instead.

The first time a module is loaded, the global "PL_my_cxt_index" is incremented, and that value is assigned to that module's static "my_cxt_index" (whose address is passed as an arg). Then, for each interpreter this function is called for, it makes sure a "void*" slot is available to hang the static data off, by allocating or extending the interpreter's "PL_my_cxt_list" array

NOTE: "my_cxt_init" must be explicitly called as "Perl_my_cxt_init" with an "aTHX_" parameter.

 void *  Perl_my_cxt_init(pTHX_ int *indexp, size_t size)

"quadmath_format_needed"

quadmath_format_needed() returns true if the "format" string seems to contain at least one non-Q-prefixed "%[efgaEFGA]" format specifier, or returns false otherwise.

The format specifier detection is not complete printf-syntax detection, but it should catch most common cases.

If true is returned, those arguments should in theory be processed with quadmath_snprintf(), but in case there is more than one such format specifier (see "quadmath_format_valid"), and if there is anything else beyond that one (even just a single byte), they cannot be processed because quadmath_snprintf() is very strict, accepting only one format spec, and nothing else. In this case, the code should probably fail.

 bool  quadmath_format_needed(const char *format)

"quadmath_format_valid"

quadmath_snprintf() is very strict about its "format" string and will fail, returning -1, if the format is invalid. It accepts exactly one format spec.

quadmath_format_valid() checks that the intended single spec looks sane: begins with "%", has only one "%", ends with "[efgaEFGA]", and has "Q" before it. This is not a full "printf syntax check", just the basics.

Returns true if it is valid, false if not.

See also "quadmath_format_needed".

 bool  quadmath_format_valid(const char *format)

SV Flags

"SVt_INVLIST"

Type flag for scalars. See "svtype" in perlapi.

SV Handling

"PL_Sv"

A scratch pad SV for whatever temporary use you need. Chiefly used as a fallback by macros on platforms where "PERL_USE_GCC_BRACE_GROUPS" in perlapi> is unavailable, and which would otherwise evaluate their SV parameter more than once.

BUT BEWARE, if this is used in a situation where something that is using it is in a call stack with something else that is using it, this variable would get zapped, leading to hard-to-diagnose errors.

   PL_Sv

"sv_add_arena"

Given a chunk of memory, link it to the head of the list of arenas, and split it into a list of free SVs.

 void  sv_add_arena(char * const ptr, const U32 size,
                    const U32 flags)

"sv_2bool"

This macro is only used by sv_true() or its macro equivalent, and only if the latter's argument is neither "SvPOK", "SvIOK" nor "SvNOK". It calls "sv_2bool_flags" with the "SV_GMAGIC" flag.

 bool  sv_2bool(SV * const sv)

"sv_2bool_flags"

This function is only used by sv_true() and friends, and only if the latter's argument is neither "SvPOK", "SvIOK" nor "SvNOK". If the flags contain "SV_GMAGIC", then it does an mg_get() first.

 bool  sv_2bool_flags(SV *sv, I32 flags)

"sv_clean_all"

Decrement the refcnt of each remaining SV, possibly triggering a cleanup. This function may have to be called multiple times to free SVs which are in complex self-referential hierarchies.

 SSize_t  sv_clean_all()

"sv_clean_objs"

Attempt to destroy all objects not yet freed.

 void  sv_clean_objs()

"sv_free_arenas"

Deallocate the memory used by all arenas. Note that all the individual SV heads and bodies within the arenas must already have been freed.

 void  sv_free_arenas()

"sv_grow"

Expands the character buffer in the SV. If necessary, uses "sv_unref" and upgrades the SV to "SVt_PV". Returns a pointer to the character buffer. Use the "SvGROW" wrapper instead.

 char *  sv_grow(SV * const sv, STRLEN newlen)

"sv_grow_fresh"

A cut-down version of sv_grow intended only for when sv is a freshly-minted SVt_PV, SVt_PVIV, SVt_PVNV, or SVt_PVMG. i.e. sv has the default flags, has never been any other type, and does not have an existing string. Basically, just assigns a char buffer and returns a pointer to it.

 char *  sv_grow_fresh(SV * const sv, STRLEN newlen)

"sv_newref"

Increment an SV's reference count. Use the SvREFCNT_inc() wrapper instead.

 SV *  sv_newref(SV * const sv)

"sv_2num"

NOTE: "sv_2num" is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

Return an SV with the numeric value of the source SV, doing any necessary reference or overload conversion. The caller is expected to have handled get-magic already.

 SV *  sv_2num(SV * const sv)

"sv_pv"

Use the "SvPV_nolen" macro instead

 char *  sv_pv(SV *sv)

"sv_pvbyte"

Use "SvPVbyte_nolen" instead.

 char *  sv_pvbyte(SV *sv)

"sv_pvbyten_force"

The backend for the "SvPVbytex_force" macro. Always use the macro instead. If the SV cannot be downgraded from UTF-8, this croaks.

 char *  sv_pvbyten_force(SV * const sv, STRLEN * const lp)

"sv_2pvbyte_nolen"

Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV. May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect.

Usually accessed via the "SvPVbyte_nolen" macro.

 char *  sv_2pvbyte_nolen(SV *sv)

"sv_pvn_force"

Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. A private implementation of the "SvPV_force" macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

 char *  sv_pvn_force(SV *sv, STRLEN *lp)

"sv_2pv_nolen"

Like sv_2pv(), but doesn't return the length too. You should usually use the macro wrapper SvPV_nolen(sv) instead.

 char *  sv_2pv_nolen(SV *sv)

"sv_pvutf8n_force"

The backend for the "SvPVutf8x_force" macro. Always use the macro instead.

 char *  sv_pvutf8n_force(SV * const sv, STRLEN * const lp)

"sv_2pvutf8_nolen"

Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV. May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.

Usually accessed via the "SvPVutf8_nolen" macro.

 char *  sv_2pvutf8_nolen(SV *sv)

"sv_pvutf8"

Use the "SvPVutf8_nolen" macro instead

 char *  sv_pvutf8(SV *sv)

"sv_tainted"

Test an SV for taintedness. Use "SvTAINTED" instead.

 bool  sv_tainted(SV * const sv)

"SvTHINKFIRST"

A quick flag check to see whether an "sv" should be passed to "sv_force_normal" to be "downgraded" before "SvIVX" or "SvPVX" can be modified directly.

For example, if your scalar is a reference and you want to modify the "SvIVX" slot, you can't just do "SvROK_off", as that will leak the referent.

This is used internally by various sv-modifying functions, such as "sv_setsv", "sv_setiv" and "sv_pvn_force".

One case that this does not handle is a gv without SvFAKE set. After

    if (SvTHINKFIRST(gv)) sv_force_normal(gv);

it will still be a gv.

"SvTHINKFIRST" sometimes produces false positives. In those cases "sv_force_normal" does nothing.

 U32  SvTHINKFIRST(SV *sv)

"sv_true"

Returns true if the SV has a true value by Perl's rules. Use the "SvTRUE" macro instead, which may call sv_true() or may instead use an in-line version.

 I32  sv_true(SV * const sv)

"sv_untaint"

Untaint an SV. Use "SvTAINTED_off" instead.

 void  sv_untaint(SV * const sv)

Tainting

"sv_taint"

Taint an SV. Use "SvTAINTED_on" instead.

 void  sv_taint(SV *sv)

"TAINT"

If we aren't in taint checking mode, do nothing; otherwise indicate to ""TAINT_set"" and ""TAINT_PROPER"" that some unspecified element is tainted.

 void  TAINT()

"TAINT_ENV"

Looks at several components of %ENV for taintedness, and calls ""taint_proper"" if any are tainted. The components it searches are things like $PATH.

 void  TAINT_ENV

"taint_env"

Implements the "TAINT_ENV" macro, which you should generally use instead.

 void  taint_env()

"TAINT_get"

Returns a boolean as to whether some element is tainted or not.

 bool  TAINT_get()

"TAINT_IF"

If "c" evaluates to true, call ""TAINT"" to indicate that something is tainted; otherwise do nothing.

 void  TAINT_IF(bool c)

"TAINTING_get"

Returns a boolean as to whether taint checking is enabled or not.

 bool  TAINTING_get()

"TAINTING_set"

Turn taint checking mode off/on

 void  TAINTING_set(bool s)

"TAINT_NOT"

Remove any taintedness previously set by, e.g., "TAINT".

 void  TAINT_NOT()

"TAINT_PROPER"

If no element is tainted, do nothing; otherwise output a message (containing "s") that indicates there is a tainting violation. If such violations are fatal, it croaks.

 void  TAINT_PROPER(const char * s)

"taint_proper"

Implements the "TAINT_PROPER" macro, which you should generally use instead.

 void  taint_proper(const char *f, const char * const s)

"TAINT_set"

If "s" is true, ""TAINT_get"" returns true; If "s" is false, ""TAINT_get"" returns false;

 void  TAINT_set(bool s)

"TAINT_WARN_get"

Returns false if tainting violations are fatal; Returns true if they're just warnings

 bool  TAINT_WARN_get()

"TAINT_WARN_set"

"s" being true indicates ""TAINT_WARN_get"" should return that tainting violations are just warnings

"s" being false indicates ""TAINT_WARN_get"" should return that tainting violations are fatal.

 void  TAINT_WARN_set(bool s)

Time

There are currently no internal API items in Time

Typedef names

There are currently no internal API items in Typedef names

Unicode Support

"bytes_from_utf8_loc"

NOTE: "bytes_from_utf8_loc" is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

Like ""bytes_from_utf8" in perlapi()", but takes an extra parameter, a pointer to where to store the location of the first character in "s" that cannot be converted to non-UTF8.

If that parameter is "NULL", this function behaves identically to "bytes_from_utf8".

Otherwise if *is_utf8p is 0 on input, the function behaves identically to "bytes_from_utf8", except it also sets *first_non_downgradable to "NULL".

Otherwise, the function returns a newly created "NUL"-terminated string containing the non-UTF8 equivalent of the convertible first portion of "s". *lenp is set to its length, not including the terminating "NUL". If the entire input string was converted, *is_utf8p is set to a FALSE value, and *first_non_downgradable is set to "NULL".

Otherwise, *first_non_downgradable is set to point to the first byte of the first character in the original string that wasn't converted. *is_utf8p is unchanged. Note that the new string may have length 0.

Another way to look at it is, if *first_non_downgradable is non-"NULL" and *is_utf8p is TRUE, this function starts at the beginning of "s" and converts as many characters in it as possible stopping at the first one it finds that can't be converted to non-UTF-8. *first_non_downgradable is set to point to that. The function returns the portion that could be converted in a newly created "NUL"-terminated string, and *lenp is set to its length, not including the terminating "NUL". If the very first character in the original could not be converted, *lenp will be 0, and the new string will contain just a single "NUL". If the entire input string was converted, *is_utf8p is set to FALSE and *first_non_downgradable is set to "NULL".

Upon successful return, the number of variants in the converted portion of the string can be computed by having saved the value of *lenp before the call, and subtracting the after-call value of *lenp from it.

 U8 *  bytes_from_utf8_loc(const U8 *s, STRLEN *lenp,
                           bool *is_utf8p,
                           const U8 **first_unconverted)

"find_uninit_var"

NOTE: "find_uninit_var" is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

Find the name of the undefined variable (if any) that caused the operator to issue a "Use of uninitialized value" warning. If match is true, only return a name if its value matches "uninit_sv". So roughly speaking, if a unary operator (such as "OP_COS") generates a warning, then following the direct child of the op may yield an "OP_PADSV" or "OP_GV" that gives the name of the undefined variable. On the other hand, with "OP_ADD" there are two branches to follow, so we only print the variable name if we get an exact match. "desc_p" points to a string pointer holding the description of the op. This may be updated if needed.

The name is returned as a mortal SV.

Assumes that "PL_op" is the OP that originally triggered the error, and that "PL_comppad"/"PL_curpad" points to the currently executing pad.

 SV *  find_uninit_var(const OP * const obase,
                       const SV * const uninit_sv, bool match,
                       const char **desc_p)

"isSCRIPT_RUN"

Returns a bool as to whether or not the sequence of bytes from "s" up to but not including "send" form a "script run". "utf8_target" is TRUE iff the sequence starting at "s" is to be treated as UTF-8. To be precise, except for two degenerate cases given below, this function returns TRUE iff all code points in it come from any combination of three "scripts" given by the Unicode "Script Extensions" property: Common, Inherited, and possibly one other. Additionally all decimal digits must come from the same consecutive sequence of 10.

For example, if all the characters in the sequence are Greek, or Common, or Inherited, this function will return TRUE, provided any decimal digits in it are from the same block of digits in Common. (These are the ASCII digits "0".."9" and additionally a block for full width forms of these, and several others used in mathematical notation.) For scripts (unlike Greek) that have their own digits defined this will accept either digits from that set or from one of the Common digit sets, but not a combination of the two. Some scripts, such as Arabic, have more than one set of digits. All digits must come from the same set for this function to return TRUE.

*ret_script, if "ret_script" is not NULL, will on return of TRUE contain the script found, using the "SCX_enum" typedef. Its value will be "SCX_INVALID" if the function returns FALSE.

If the sequence is empty, TRUE is returned, but *ret_script (if asked for) will be "SCX_INVALID".

If the sequence contains a single code point which is unassigned to a character in the version of Unicode being used, the function will return TRUE, and the script will be "SCX_Unknown". Any other combination of unassigned code points in the input sequence will result in the function treating the input as not being a script run.

The returned script will be "SCX_Inherited" iff all the code points in it are from the Inherited script.

Otherwise, the returned script will be "SCX_Common" iff all the code points in it are from the Inherited or Common scripts.

 bool  isSCRIPT_RUN(const U8 *s, const U8 *send,
                    const bool utf8_target)

"is_utf8_non_invariant_string"

Returns TRUE if "is_utf8_invariant_string" in perlapi returns FALSE for the first "len" bytes of the string "s", but they are, nonetheless, legal Perl-extended UTF-8; otherwise returns FALSE.

A TRUE return means that at least one code point represented by the sequence either is a wide character not representable as a single byte, or the representation differs depending on whether the sequence is encoded in UTF-8 or not.

See also ""is_utf8_invariant_string" in perlapi", ""is_utf8_string" in perlapi"

 bool  is_utf8_non_invariant_string(const U8 * const s, STRLEN len)

"utf8n_to_uvuni"

"DEPRECATED!" It is planned to remove "utf8n_to_uvuni" from a future release of Perl. Do not use it for new code; remove it from existing code.

Instead use "utf8_to_uvchr_buf" in perlapi, or rarely, "utf8n_to_uvchr" in perlapi.

This function was useful for code that wanted to handle both EBCDIC and ASCII platforms with Unicode properties, but starting in Perl v5.20, the distinctions between the platforms have mostly been made invisible to most code, so this function is quite unlikely to be what you want. If you do need this precise functionality, use instead "NATIVE_TO_UNI(utf8_to_uvchr_buf(...))" or "NATIVE_TO_UNI(utf8n_to_uvchr(...))".

 UV  utf8n_to_uvuni(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen,
                    U32 flags)

"utf8_to_uvuni"

"DEPRECATED!" It is planned to remove "utf8_to_uvuni" from a future release of Perl. Do not use it for new code; remove it from existing code.

Returns the Unicode code point of the first character in the string "s" which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; "retlen" will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.

Some, but not all, UTF-8 malformations are detected, and in fact, some malformed input could cause reading beyond the end of the input buffer, which is one reason why this function is deprecated. The other is that only in extremely limited circumstances should the Unicode versus native code point be of any interest to you.

If "s" points to one of the detected malformations, and UTF8 warnings are enabled, zero is returned and *retlen is set (if "retlen" doesn't point to NULL) to -1. If those warnings are off, the computed value if well-defined (or the Unicode REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, if not) is silently returned, and *retlen is set (if "retlen" isn't NULL) so that ("s" + *retlen) is the next possible position in "s" that could begin a non-malformed character. See "utf8n_to_uvchr" in perlapi for details on when the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER is returned.

 UV  utf8_to_uvuni(const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)

"uvoffuni_to_utf8_flags"

THIS FUNCTION SHOULD BE USED IN ONLY VERY SPECIALIZED CIRCUMSTANCES. Instead, Almost all code should use "uvchr_to_utf8" in perlapi or "uvchr_to_utf8_flags" in perlapi.

This function is like them, but the input is a strict Unicode (as opposed to native) code point. Only in very rare circumstances should code not be using the native code point.

For details, see the description for "uvchr_to_utf8_flags" in perlapi.

 U8 *  uvoffuni_to_utf8_flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)

"valid_utf8_to_uvchr"

Like ""utf8_to_uvchr_buf" in perlapi", but should only be called when it is known that the next character in the input UTF-8 string "s" is well-formed (e.g., it passes ""isUTF8_CHAR" in perlapi". Surrogates, non-character code points, and non-Unicode code points are allowed.

 UV  valid_utf8_to_uvchr(const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)

"variant_under_utf8_count"

This function looks at the sequence of bytes between "s" and "e", which are assumed to be encoded in ASCII/Latin1, and returns how many of them would change should the string be translated into UTF-8. Due to the nature of UTF-8, each of these would occupy two bytes instead of the single one in the input string. Thus, this function returns the precise number of bytes the string would expand by when translated to UTF-8.

Unlike most of the other functions that have "utf8" in their name, the input to this function is NOT a UTF-8-encoded string. The function name is slightly odd to emphasize this.

This function is internal to Perl because khw thinks that any XS code that would want this is probably operating too close to the internals. Presenting a valid use case could change that.

See also ""is_utf8_invariant_string" in perlapi" and ""is_utf8_invariant_string_loc" in perlapi",

 Size_t  variant_under_utf8_count(const U8 * const s,
                                  const U8 * const e)

Utility Functions

"my_popen_list"

Implementing function on some systems for PerlProc_popen_list()

 PerlIO *  my_popen_list(const char *mode, int n, SV **args)

"my_socketpair"

Emulates socketpair(2) on systems that don't have it, but which do have enough functionality for the emulation.

 int  my_socketpair(int family, int type, int protocol, int fd[2])

Versioning

There are currently no internal API items in Versioning

Warning and Dieing

"deprecate"

Wrapper around Perl_ck_warner_d() to produce a deprecated warning in the given category with an appropriate message. The "message" argument must be a C string. The string " is deprecated" will automatically be added to the end of the "message".

   deprecate(U32 category, "message")

"deprecate_disappears_in"

Wrapper around Perl_ck_warner_d() to produce a deprecated warning in the given category with an appropriate message that the construct referred to by the message will disappear in a specific release. The "when" and "message" arguments must be a C string. The "when" string is expected to be of the form "5.40", with no minor element in the version. The actual message output will be the result of the following expression "message " is deprecated, and will disappear in Perl " when" which is why "message" and "when" must be literal C strings.

   deprecate_disappears_in(U32 category, "when", "message")

"deprecate_fatal_in"

Wrapper around Perl_ck_warner_d() to produce a deprecated warning in the given category with an appropriate message that the construct referred to by the message will become fatal in a specific release. The "when" and "message" arguments must be a C string. The "when" string is expected to be of the form "5.40", with no minor element in the version. The actual message output will be the result of the following expression "message " is deprecated, and will become fatal in Perl " when" which is why "message" and "when" must be literal C strings.

   deprecate_fatal_in(U32 category, "when", "message")

"PL_dowarn"

The C variable that roughly corresponds to Perl's $^W warning variable. However, $^W is treated as a boolean, whereas "PL_dowarn" is a collection of flag bits.

On threaded perls, each thread has an independent copy of this variable; each initialized at creation time with the current value of the creating thread's copy.

 U8  PL_dowarn

"report_uninit"

Print appropriate "Use of uninitialized variable" warning.

 void  report_uninit(const SV *uninit_sv)

XS

There are currently no internal API items in XS

Undocumented elements

This section lists the elements that are otherwise undocumented. If you use any of them, please consider creating and submitting documentation for it.

Experimental and deprecated undocumented elements are listed separately at the end.

 abort_execution
 add_above_Latin1_folds
 add_cp_to_invlist
 _add_range_to_invlist
 allocmy
 amagic_cmp
 amagic_cmp_desc
 amagic_cmp_locale
 amagic_cmp_locale_desc
 amagic_i_ncmp
 amagic_i_ncmp_desc
 amagic_is_enabled
 amagic_ncmp
 amagic_ncmp_desc
 any_dup
 append_utf8_from_native_byte
 apply
 atfork_lock
 atfork_unlock
 av_arylen_p
 av_extend_guts
 av_iter_p
 av_nonelem
 av_reify
 bind_match
 block_gimme
 boot_core_builtin
 boot_core_mro
 boot_core_PerlIO
 boot_core_UNIVERSAL
 build_infix_plugin
 _byte_dump_string
 call_list
 cando
 capture_clear
 cast_iv
 cast_i32
 cast_ulong
 cast_uv
 check_hash_fields_and_hekify
 check_regnode_after
 check_utf8_print
 ck_anoncode
 ck_backtick
 ck_bitop
 ck_classname
 ck_cmp
 ck_concat
 ck_defined
 ck_delete
 ck_each
 ck_entersub_args_core
 ck_eof
 ck_eval
 ck_exec
 ck_exists
 ck_ftst
 ck_fun
 ck_glob
 ck_grep
 ck_helemexistsor
 ck_index
 ck_isa
 ck_join
 ck_length
 ck_lfun
 ck_listiob
 ck_match
 ck_method
 ck_null
 ck_open
 ck_prototype
 ck_readline
 ck_refassign
 ck_repeat
 ck_require
 ck_return
 ck_rfun
 ck_rvconst
 ck_sassign
 ck_select
 ck_shift
 ck_smartmatch
 ck_sort
 ck_spair
 ck_split
 ck_stringify
 ck_subr
 ck_substr
 ck_svconst
 ck_tell
 ck_trunc
 ck_trycatch
 ckwarn
 ckwarn_d
 class_add_ADJUST
 class_add_field
 class_apply_attributes
 class_apply_field_attributes
 class_prepare_initfield_parse
 class_prepare_method_parse
 class_seal_stash
 class_set_field_defop
 class_setup_stash
 class_wrap_method_body
 clear_defarray
 closest_cop
 cmpchain_extend
 cmpchain_finish
 cmpchain_start
 cmp_desc
 cmp_locale_desc
 cntrl_to_mnemonic
 construct_ahocorasick_from_trie
 cop_file_avn
 coresub_op
 croak_caller
 croak_kw_unless_class
 croak_memory_wrap
 croak_no_mem
 croak_no_mem_ext
 croak_popstack
 csighandler
 csighandler1
 csighandler3
 current_re_engine
 custom_op_get_field
 cv_clone_into
 cv_const_sv_or_av
 cvgv_from_hek
 cvgv_set
 cvstash_set
 cv_undef_flags
 cx_dump
 cx_dup
 cxinc
 deb_stack_all
 debstackptrs
 debug_hash_seed
 debug_peep
 debug_show_study_flags
 debug_studydata
 defelem_target
 despatch_signals
 die_unwind
 do_aexec
 do_aexec5
 do_aspawn
 do_eof
 does_utf8_overflow
 do_exec
 do_exec3
 dofile
 do_gv_dump
 do_gvgv_dump
 do_hv_dump
 doing_taint
 do_ipcctl
 do_ipcget
 do_magic_dump
 do_msgrcv
 do_msgsnd
 do_ncmp
 do_op_dump
 do_pmop_dump
 do_print
 do_readline
 doref
 do_seek
 do_semop
 do_shmio
 do_spawn
 do_spawn_nowait
 do_sv_dump
 do_sysseek
 do_tell
 do_trans
 do_uniprop_match
 do_vecget
 do_vecset
 do_vop
 drand48_init_r
 drand48_r
 dtrace_probe_call
 dtrace_probe_load
 dtrace_probe_op
 dtrace_probe_phase
 dump_all_perl
 dump_indent
 dump_packsubs_perl
 dump_sub_perl
 dump_sv_child
 dumpuntil
 dump_vindent
 dup_warnings
 find_first_differing_byte_pos
 find_lexical_cv
 find_runcv_where
 find_script
 finish_export_lexical
 foldEQ_latin1_s2_folded
 foldEQ_latin1
 foldEQ_utf8_flags
 force_locale_unlock
 _force_out_malformed_utf8_message
 form_alien_digit_msg
 form_cp_too_large_msg
 free_tied_hv_pool
 free_tmps
 get_and_check_backslash_N_name
 get_ANYOFHbbm_contents
 get_ANYOFM_contents
 get_db_sub
 get_debug_opts
 get_deprecated_property_msg
 getenv_len
 get_extended_os_errno
 get_hash_seed
 get_invlist_iter_addr
 get_invlist_offset_addr
 get_invlist_previous_index_addr
 get_mstats
 get_prop_definition
 get_prop_values
 get_regclass_aux_data
 get_re_gclass_aux_data
 get_regex_charset_name
 get_win32_message_utf8ness
 gp_free
 gp_ref
 grok_bin_oct_hex
 grok_bslash_c
 grok_bslash_o
 grok_bslash_x
 gv_check
 gv_fetchmeth_internal
 gv_override
 gv_setref
 gv_stashpvn_internal
 he_dup
 hek_dup
 hfree_next_entry
 hv_auxalloc
 hv_common
 hv_common_key_len
 hv_delayfree_ent
 hv_free_ent
 hv_placeholders_p
 hv_pushkv
 hv_rand_set
 hv_undef_flags
 import_builtin_bundle
 infix_plugin_standard
 init_argv_symbols
 init_constants
 init_dbargs
 init_debugger
 init_i18nl10n
 init_named_cv
 init_stacks
 init_tm
 init_uniprops
 _inverse_folds
 invert
 invlist_array
 _invlist_array_init
 invlist_clear
 invlist_clone
 _invlist_contains_cp
 invlist_contents
 _invlist_dump
 _invlistEQ
 invlist_extend
 invlist_highest
 _invlist_intersection
 _invlist_intersection_maybe_complement_2nd
 _invlist_invert
 invlist_is_iterating
 invlist_iterfinish
 invlist_iterinit
 invlist_iternext
 _invlist_len
 invlist_max
 invlist_previous_index
 _invlist_search
 invlist_set_len
 invlist_set_previous_index
 _invlist_subtract
 invlist_trim
 _invlist_union
 _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd
 invmap_dump
 invoke_exception_hook
 io_close
 isFF_overlong
 is_grapheme
 _is_in_locale_category
 is_invlist
 is_standard_filehandle_name
 _is_uni_FOO
 _is_uni_perl_idcont
 _is_uni_perl_idstart
 is_utf8_char_helper_
 is_utf8_common
 is_utf8_FF_helper_
 _is_utf8_FOO
 is_utf8_overlong
 _is_utf8_perl_idcont
 _is_utf8_perl_idstart
 jmaybe
 join_exact
 keyword
 keyword_plugin_standard
 list
 load_charnames
 locale_panic
 localize
 lossless_NV_to_IV
 lsbit_pos32
 lsbit_pos64
 magic_clear_all_env
 magic_cleararylen_p
 magic_clearenv
 magic_clearhook
 magic_clearhookall
 magic_clearisa
 magic_clearpack
 magic_clearsig
 magic_copycallchecker
 magic_existspack
 magic_freearylen_p
 magic_freecollxfrm
 magic_freemglob
 magic_freeovrld
 magic_freeutf8
 magic_get
 magic_getarylen
 magic_getdebugvar
 magic_getdefelem
 magic_getnkeys
 magic_getpack
 magic_getpos
 magic_getsig
 magic_getsubstr
 magic_gettaint
 magic_getuvar
 magic_getvec
 magic_killbackrefs
 magic_nextpack
 magic_regdata_cnt
 magic_regdatum_get
 magic_regdatum_set
 magic_scalarpack
 magic_set
 magic_set_all_env
 magic_setarylen
 magic_setcollxfrm
 magic_setdbline
 magic_setdebugvar
 magic_setdefelem
 magic_setenv
 magic_sethook
 magic_sethookall
 magic_setisa
 magic_setlvref
 magic_setmglob
 magic_setnkeys
 magic_setnonelem
 magic_setpack
 magic_setpos
 magic_setregexp
 magic_setsig
 magic_setsigall
 magic_setsubstr
 magic_settaint
 magic_setutf8
 magic_setuvar
 magic_setvec
 magic_sizepack
 magic_wipepack
 make_trie
 malloced_size
 malloc_good_size
 markstack_grow
 mbtowc_
 mem_collxfrm_
 mem_log_alloc
 mem_log_del_sv
 mem_log_free
 mem_log_new_sv
 mem_log_realloc
 mg_find_mglob
 mg_size
 mode_from_discipline
 more_bodies
 more_sv
 moreswitches
 mortal_getenv
 mortalized_pv_copy
 mro_get_private_data
 mro_meta_dup
 mro_meta_init
 msbit_pos32
 msbit_pos64
 multiconcat_stringify
 multideref_stringify
 my_atof2
 my_atof3
 my_attrs
 my_clearenv
 my_lstat
 my_lstat_flags
 my_memrchr
 my_mkostemp_cloexec
 my_mkstemp_cloexec
 my_stat
 my_stat_flags
 my_strerror
 my_unexec
 newFORM
 _new_invlist
 _new_invlist_C_array
 newMETHOP_internal
 newPROG
 new_stackinfo
 new_stackinfo_flags
 newSTUB
 newSVavdefelem
 newXS_deffile
 nextargv
 no_bareword_allowed
 no_bareword_filehandle
 noperl_die
 notify_parser_that_changed_to_utf8
 oopsAV
 oopsHV
 op_clear
 op_integerize
 op_lvalue_flags
 opmethod_stash
 op_prune_chain_head
 op_relocate_sv
 opslab_force_free
 opslab_free
 opslab_free_nopad
 op_std_init
 op_varname
 package
 package_version
 pad_add_weakref
 padlist_store
 padname_free
 PadnameIN_SCOPE
 padnamelist_free
 parser_dup
 parser_free
 parser_free_nexttoke_ops
 parse_unicode_opts
 path_is_searchable
 peep
 perl_alloc_using
 perl_clone_using
 PerlEnv_putenv
 PerlIO_context_layers
 PerlIO_restore_errno
 PerlIO_save_errno
 PerlLIO_dup_cloexec
 PerlLIO_dup2_cloexec
 PerlLIO_open_cloexec
 PerlLIO_open3_cloexec
 PerlProc_pipe_cloexec
 PerlSock_accept_cloexec
 PerlSock_socket_cloexec
 PerlSock_socketpair_cloexec
 perly_sighandler
 pmruntime
 POPMARK
 populate_anyof_bitmap_from_invlist
 populate_bitmap_from_invlist
 populate_invlist_from_bitmap
 populate_isa
 pregfree
 pregfree2
 prepare_export_lexical
 ptr_hash
 qerror
 ReANY
 reentrant_free
 reentrant_init
 reentrant_retry
 reentrant_size
 re_exec_indentf
 ref
 reg_add_data
 regcurly
 regdump
 regdupe_internal
 regexec_flags
 regfree_internal
 reginitcolors
 reg_named_buff
 reg_named_buff_all
 reg_named_buff_exists
 reg_named_buff_fetch
 reg_named_buff_firstkey
 reg_named_buff_iter
 reg_named_buff_nextkey
 reg_named_buff_scalar
 regnext
 regnode_after
 reg_numbered_buff_fetch
 reg_numbered_buff_fetch_flags
 reg_numbered_buff_length
 reg_numbered_buff_store
 regprop
 reg_qr_package
 reg_skipcomment
 reg_temp_copy
 re_indentf
 re_intuit_start
 re_intuit_string
 re_op_compile
 report_evil_fh
 report_redefined_cv
 report_wrongway_fh
 re_printf
 rpeep
 rsignal_restore
 rsignal_save
 rvpv_dup
 rxres_save
 same_dirent
 save_bool
 save_clearsv
 save_delete
 save_destructor
 save_destructor_x
 save_freeop
 save_freepv
 save_freesv
 save_int
 save_iv
 save_I8
 save_I16
 save_I32
 save_mortalizesv
 save_pptr
 save_pushi32ptr
 save_pushptrptr
 save_re_context
 save_sptr
 savestack_grow
 savestack_grow_cnt
 save_strlen
 sawparens
 scalar
 scalarvoid
 scan_commit
 scan_num
 seed
 set_ANYOF_arg
 set_caret_X
 setfd_cloexec
 setfd_cloexec_for_nonsysfd
 setfd_cloexec_or_inhexec_by_sysfdness
 setfd_inhexec
 setfd_inhexec_for_sysfd
 set_numeric_standard
 set_numeric_underlying
 set_padlist
 _setup_canned_invlist
 share_hek
 should_warn_nl
 should_we_output_Debug_r
 sighandler
 sighandler1
 sighandler3
 single_1bit_pos32
 single_1bit_pos64
 Slab_Alloc
 Slab_Free
 Slab_to_ro
 Slab_to_rw
 softref2xv
 sortsv_flags_impl
 ssc_init
 stack_grow
 str_to_version
 strxfrm
 study_chunk
 sub_crush_depth
 sv_add_backref
 sv_buf_to_ro
 sv_del_backref
 sv_i_ncmp
 sv_i_ncmp_desc
 sv_2iv
 sv_magicext_mglob
 sv_mark_arenas
 sv_ncmp
 sv_ncmp_desc
 sv_only_taint_gmagic
 sv_or_pv_pos_u2b
 sv_pvbyten_force_wrapper
 sv_pvutf8n_force_wrapper
 sv_resetpvn
 sv_sethek
 sv_sweep_arenas
 SvTRUE_common
 sv_unglob
 sv_2uv
 switch_locale_context
 sys_init
 sys_init3
 sys_intern_clear
 sys_intern_dup
 sys_intern_init
 sys_term
 tied_method
 tmps_grow_p
 _to_fold_latin1
 TOPMARK
 to_uni_fold
 _to_uni_fold_flags
 to_uni_lower
 to_uni_title
 to_uni_upper
 _to_upper_title_latin1
 _to_utf8_fold_flags
 _to_utf8_lower_flags
 _to_utf8_title_flags
 _to_utf8_upper_flags
 translate_substr_offsets
 try_amagic_bin
 try_amagic_un
 uiv_2buf
 unlnk
 unshare_hek
 unwind_paren
 _utf8n_to_uvchr_msgs_helper
 utf16_to_utf8_base
 utf16_to_utf8_reversed
 utf16_to_utf8
 utf8_to_uvchr_buf_helper
 utilize
 uvoffuni_to_utf8_flags_msgs
 variant_byte_number
 varname
 vivify_defelem
 vivify_ref
 wait4pid
 warn_elem_scalar_context
 warn_problematic_locale
 was_lvalue_sub
 watch
 win32_croak_not_implemented
 write_to_stderr
 xs_boot_epilog
 xs_handshake
 yyerror
 yyerror_pv
 yyerror_pvn
 yylex
 yyparse
 yyquit
 yyunlex

Next are the experimental undocumented elements

 alloc_LOGOP            gimme_V
 av_remove_offset       hv_backreferences_p
 clear_defarray_simple  hv_kill_backrefs
 create_eval_scope      invlist_highest_range_start
 cv_ckproto_len_flags   invlist_lowest
 cx_popblock            newGP
 cx_popeval             new_warnings_bitfield
 cx_popformat           op_refcnt_dec
 cx_popgiven            op_refcnt_inc
 cx_poploop             op_unscope
 cx_popsub              pop_stackinfo
 cx_popsub_args         pp_wrap
 cx_popsub_common       push_stackinfo
 cx_popwhen             rpp_free_2_
 cx_pushblock           rpp_obliterate_stack_to
 cx_pusheval            rpp_replace_2_1_COMMON
 cx_pushformat          runops_wrap
 cx_pushgiven           scan_str
 cx_pushloop_for        scan_word
 cx_pushloop_plain      scan_word6
 cx_pushsub             skipspace_flags
 cx_pushtry             sv_free2
 cx_pushwhen            sv_kill_backrefs
 cx_topblock            sv_setpv_freshbuf
 delete_eval_scope      sv_setsv_cow
 do_open_raw            sv_strftime_ints
 do_open6               switch_argstack
 emulate_cop_io         utf8_to_utf16_base
 get_re_arg             xs_wrap
 get_vtbl

Finally are the deprecated undocumented elements. Do not use any for new code; remove all occurrences of all of these from existing code.

 get_no_modify  get_opargs  get_ppaddr  uvuni_to_utf8

AUTHORS

The autodocumentation system was originally added to the Perl core by Benjamin Stuhl. Documentation is by whoever was kind enough to document their functions.

SEE ALSO

config.h, perlapi, perlapio, perlcall, perlclib, perlembed, perlfilter, perlguts, perlhacktips, perlinterp, perliol, perlmroapi, perlreapi, perlreguts, perlxs