--- name: "unac" section: "3" platform: "linux" package: "libunac1-dev" version: "1.8.0-10+b3" release: "Debian 13 (Trixie)" platforms: ["linux"] url: "https://new.carta.tech/unac" --- # unac(3) remove accents from string or character ## NAME unac - remove accents from string or character ## SYNOPSIS ``` #include const char* unac_version(); int unac_string(const char* charset, const char* in, int in_length, char** out, int* out_length); int unac_string_utf16(const char* in, int in_length, char** out, int* out_length); /* MACRO: side effect on unaccented and length arguments */ unac_char_utf16(unsigned short c, unsigned short* unaccented, int length); const char* unac_version() /* * The level argument can be one of: * UNAC_DEBUG_NONE UNAC_DEBUG_LOW UNAC_DEBUG_HIGH */ void unac_debug(int level) typedef void (*unac_debug_print_t)(const char* message, void* data); void unac_debug_callback(int level, unac_debug_print_t function, void* data) ``` ## DESCRIPTION *unac* is a C library that removes accents from characters, regardless of the character set (ISO-8859-15, ISO-CELTIC, KOI8-RU...) as long as *[iconv(3)](/iconv/3.md)* is able to convert it into UTF-16 (Unicode). The **unac\_string** function is given a charset (ISO-8859-15 for instance) and a string. It converts the string into UTF-16 and calls the **unac\_string\_utf16** function to remove all accents from the UTF-16 version. The unaccented string is then converted into the original charset (ISO-8859-15 for instance) and returned to the caller of **unac\_string.** *unac* does a little more than removing accents: every character that is made of two character such as **æ** (ISO-8859-15 octal code 346) will be expanded in two characters **a** and **e.** Should a character be made of three characters, it would be decomposed in the same way. The conversion from and to UTF-16 is done with *[iconv(3)](/iconv/3.md).* The **iconv -l** command will list all available charsets. Using UTF-16 as a pivot implies an overhead but ensures that accents can be removed from all character for which there is an equivalent character in Unicode. **unac\_char\_utf16** is a CPP macro that returns a pointer to the unaccented equivalent of a given UTF-16 character. It is the basic building block of *unac.* **unac\_string\_utf16** repeatidly applies the **unac\_char\_utf16** macro to each character of an UTF-16 string. ## FUNCTIONS - **int unac\_string(const char\* charset, const char\* in, size\_t in\_length, char\*\* out, size\_t\* out\_length)** Returns the unaccented equivalent of the string **'in'** of length **'in\_length'** bytes. The returned string is stored in the pointer pointed by the **'out'** argument and the length of the **'out'** string, in bytes, is stored in the integer pointed by the **'out\_length '** argument. If the **'\*out'** pointer is not null, it must point to an area allocated by *[malloc(3)](/malloc/3.md)* and the length of the array must be specified in the **'\*out\_length'** argument. Both arguments **'\*out'** and **'\*out\_length'** will be replaced with the return values when the function returns on success. The **'\*out'** pointer may point to a memory location that has been reallocated (using *[realloc(3)](/realloc/3.md))* by the **unac\_string** function. There is no guarantee that '\*out' is identical to the value given by the caller. The pointer provided as '\*out' by the caller may not be useable when the function returns (either error or success). If the **'\*out'** pointer is null, the **unac\_string** function allocates a new memory block using *[malloc(3)](/malloc/3.md).* It is the responsibility of the caller to deallocate the area returned in the **'\*out'** pointer. The return value of **unac\_string** is 0 on success and -1 on error, in which case the errno variable is set to the corresponding error code. See the ERROR section below for more information. The *[iconv(3)](/iconv/3.md)* manual page may also help. - **int unac\_string\_utf16(const char\* in, int in\_length, char\*\* out, int\* out\_length)** Has the same effect as **unac\_string("UTF-16", in, in\_length, out, out\_length).** Since the **unac\_string\_utf16** is the backend function of the **unac\_string** function it is more efficient because no charset conversion of the input string (from and to UTF-16) is necessary. - **unac\_char\_utf16(const unsigned short c, unsigned short\* p, int l)** **Warning: this is a macro, each argument may be evaluated more than once.** Returns the unaccented equivalent of the UTF-16 character **'c'** in the pointer **'p'.** The length of the unsigned short array pointed by **'p'** is returned in the **'l'** argument. - **const char\* unac\_version()** Return the version number of **unac.** - **void unac\_debug(int level)** Set the debug level of the unac library to **'level'.** Possible values are: UNAC\_DEBUG\_NONE for no debug at all, UNAC\_DEBUG\_LOW for terse human readable information, UNAC\_DEBUG\_HIGH for very detailed information only usable when translating a few strings. unac\_debug\_callback with anything but UNAC\_DEBUG\_NONE is not thread safe. - **void unac\_debug\_callback(int level, unac\_debug\_print\_t function, void\* data)** Set the debug level and define a printing function callback. The **'level'** is the same as in unac\_debug. The **'function'** is in charge of dealing with the debug messages, presumably to print them to the user. The **'data'** is an opaque pointer that is passed along to **function,** should it need to manage a persistent context. The prototype of **'function'** accepts two arguments. The first is the debug message *(const char\*),* the second is the opaque pointer given as **'data'** argument to **unac\_debug\_callback.** If **'function'** is NULL, messages are printed on the standard error output using fprintf(stderr...). unac\_debug\_callback with anything but UNAC\_DEBUG\_NONE is not thread safe. ## ERRORS - EINVAL the requested conversion pair is not available. For instance, when specifying the ISO-0000 charset (imaginary), it means it is not possible to convert from ISO-0000 to UTF-16. ## EXAMPLES Convert the **été** string into **ete.** ``` #include char* out = 0; int out_length = 0; if(unac_string("ISO-8859-1", "été", strlen("été"), &out, &out_length)) { perror("unac_string"); } else { printf("%.*s0, out_length, out); free(out); } ``` ## IMPLEMENTATION NOTES The endianness of the UTF-16 strings manipulated by *unac* must always be big endian. When using *[iconv(3)](/iconv/3.md)* to translate strings, UTF-16BE should be used instead of UTF-16 to make sure it is big endian (BE). On some systems where UTF-16BE is not available, **unac** will rely on UTF-16 and hope it is properly big endian encoded. For more information check RFC2781 (http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2781.html: UTF-16, an encoding of ISO 10646). The *unac* library uses the Unicode database to map accented letters to their unaccented equivalent. Mapping tables are generated from the *UnicodeData-4.0.0.txt* file (as found at http://www.unicode.org/Public/4.0-Update/) by the *builder* perl script. The *builder* script inserts these tables in the *unac.h* and *unac.c* files, replacing the existing ones. Looking for the **'Generated by builder'** string in the *unac.\[ch\]* files allows it to spot the various parts handled by the builder script. Some desirable decompositions may not be included in the UnicodeData file, such as AE. To complement the standard decompositions for the purpose of the unac library, the *unaccent-local-map.perl* script is used. It maps character names (such as **LATIN SMALL LETTER AE)** to an array of character names into which it will be decomposed. This script is used by the *builder* script and has precedence over decomposition rules defined in the Unicode data file. The library data occupies 30KB where a simple minded table would occupy around 512Kbytes. The idea used to compress the tables is that many Unicode characters do not have unaccented equivalent. Instead of relying on a table mapping each Unicode character to the corresponding unaccented character, an intermediate array of pointers is created. In the drawing below, the range of UTF-16 character is not accurate but illustrates the method. The **unac\_data\_table** points to a set of **unac\_dataXX** arrays. Each pointer covers a range of UTF-16 characters (4 in the example below). When a range of character does not contain any accented character, unac\_data\_table always points to the same array : unac\_data0. Since there are many characters without accents, this is enough to achieve a good compression. ``` unac_data15 unac_data16 [ NULL, NULL, NULL, e ] <---- /------> [ a, NULL, NULL, NULL ] | | | | ^ ^ |-----| |-----| |-----| |-----| |-----| |-----| [ ... a b c d e f g h i j k é à 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A... ] unac_data_table |-----| |-----| |-----| |-----| |-----| |-----| v v v v | | | | | | | | --------------------------------------/ | V [ NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL ] unac_data0 ``` Beside this simple optimization, a table (unac\_positions) listing the actual position of the unaccented replacement within a block (unac\_dataXX) is necessary because they are not of fixed length. Some characters such as **æ** will be replaced by two characters **a** and **e** therefore unac\_dataXX has a variable size. The unaccented equivalent of an UTF-16 character is calculated by applying a *compatibility decomposition* and then stripping all characters that belong to the *mark* category. For a precise definition see the Unicode-4.0 normalization forms at http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/. All original Unicode data files were taken from http://www.unicode.org/Public and are subject to the **UCD Terms of Use.** http://www.unicode.org/Public/4.0-Update/UCD-4.0.0.html#UCD\_Terms **Disclaimer** The Unicode Character Database is provided as is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. If this file has been purchased on magnetic or optical media from Unicode, Inc., the sole remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within 90 days of receipt. This disclaimer is applicable for all other data files accompanying the Unicode Character Database, some of which have been compiled by the Unicode Consortium, and some of which have been supplied by other sources. **Limitations on Rights to Redistribute This Data** Recipient is granted the right to make copies in any form for internal distribution and to freely use the information supplied in the creation of products supporting the UnicodeTM Standard. The files in the Unicode Character Database can be redistributed to third parties or other organizations (whether for profit or not) as long as this notice and the disclaimer notice are retained. Information can be extracted from these files and used in documentation or programs, as long as there is an accompanying notice indicating the source. The file Unihan.txt contains older and inconsistent Terms of Use. That language is overridden by these terms. ## BUGS The input string must not contain partially formed characters, there is no support for this case. UTF-16 surrogates are not handled. Unicode may contain bugs in the decomposition of characters. When you suspect such a bug on a given string, add a test case with the faulty string in the **t\_unac.in** test script (you will find it in the source distribution) and run *make check.* It will describe, in a very verbose way, how the string was unaccented. You may then fix the UnicodeData-4.0.0.txt file and run *make check* again to make sure the problem is solved. Please send such fixes to the author and to the Unicode consortium. ## SEE ALSO [unaccent(1)](/unaccent/1.md), [iconv(3)](/iconv/3.md) ``` http://www.unicode.org/ http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/ http://www.gnu.org/manual/glibc-2.2.5/libc.html ``` ## AUTHOR Loic Dachary loic@senga.org ``` http://www.senga.org/unac/ ```