---
name: "su"
section: "1"
platform: "macos"
package: "shell_cmds"
version: "329"
release: "macOS 26.5"
platforms: ["linux", "freebsd", "openbsd", "macos"]
url: "https://new.carta.tech/su"
---

# su(1)

substitute user identity

## NAME

**su** – substitute user identity

## SYNOPSIS

**su** \[**-**\] \[**-flm**\] \[*login* \[*args*\]\]

## DESCRIPTION

The **su** utility requests appropriate user credentials via PAM and switches to that user ID (the default user is the superuser). A shell is then executed.

PAM is used to set the policy [su(1)](/su/1.md) will use. In particular, by default only users in the “admin” or “wheel” groups can switch to UID 0 (“root”). This group requirement may be changed by modifying the “pam\_group” section of */etc/pam.d/su*. See [pam\_group(8)](/pam_group/8.md) for details on how to modify this setting.

By default, the environment is unmodified with the exception of USER, HOME, and SHELL. HOME and SHELL are set to the target login's default values. USER is set to the target login, unless the target login has a user ID of 0, in which case it is unmodified. The invoked shell is the one belonging to the target login. This is the traditional behavior of **su**.

The options are as follows:

- **-f**

  If the invoked shell is [csh(1)](/csh/1.md), this option prevents it from reading the “*.cshrc*” file.

- **-l**

  Simulate a full login. The environment is discarded except for HOME, SHELL, PATH, TERM, and USER. HOME and SHELL are modified as above. USER is set to the target login. PATH is set to “*/bin:/usr/bin*”. TERM is imported from your current environment. The invoked shell is the target login's, and **su** will change directory to the target login's home directory.

- **-**

  (no letter) The same as **-l**.

- **-m**

  Leave the environment unmodified. The invoked shell is your login shell, and no directory changes are made. As a security precaution, if the target user's shell is a non-standard shell (as defined by [getusershell(3)](/getusershell/3.md)) and the caller's real uid is non-zero, **su** will fail.

The **-l** (or **-**) and **-m** options are mutually exclusive; the last one specified overrides any previous ones.

If the optional *args* are provided on the command line, they are passed to the login shell of the target login. Note that all command line arguments before the target login name are processed by **su** itself, everything after the target login name gets passed to the login shell.

By default (unless the prompt is reset by a startup file) the super-user prompt is set to “**#**” to remind one of its awesome power.

## ENVIRONMENT

Environment variables used by **su**:

- HOME

  Default home directory of real user ID unless modified as specified above.

- PATH

  Default search path of real user ID unless modified as specified above.

- TERM

  Provides terminal type which may be retained for the substituted user ID.

- USER

  The user ID is always the effective ID (the target user ID) after an **su** unless the user ID is 0 (root).

## FILES

- */etc/pam.d/su*

  PAM configuration for **su**.

## EXAMPLES

- su -m operator -c poweroff

  Starts a shell as user operator, and runs the command poweroff. You will be asked for operator's password unless your real UID is 0. Note that the **-m** option is required since user “operator” does not have a valid shell by default. In this example, **-c** is passed to the shell of the user “operator”, and is not interpreted as an argument to **su**.

- su -m operator -c 'shutdown -p now'

  Same as above, but the target command consists of more than a single word and hence is quoted for use with the **-c** option being passed to the shell. (Most shells expect the argument to **-c** to be a single word).

- su -l foo

  Simulate a login for user foo.

- su - foo

  Same as above.

- su -

  Simulate a login for root.

## SEE ALSO

[csh(1)](/csh/1.md), [sh(1)](/sh/1.md), [group(5)](/group/5.md), [passwd(5)](/passwd/5.md), [environ(7)](/environ/7.md), [pam\_group(8)](/pam_group/8.md)

## HISTORY

A **su** command appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX.