--- name: "sparc-as" section: "1" platform: "linux" package: "binutils-sparc" version: "2.11.92.0.12.3-4" release: "Debian 3.0 (Woody)" platforms: ["linux"] url: "https://new.carta.tech/sparc-as" --- # sparc-as(1) the portable GNU assembler. ## NAME AS - the portable GNU assembler. ## SYNOPSIS as \[**-a**\[**cdhlns**\]\[=*file*\]\] \[**-D**\] \[**--defsym** *sym*=*val*\]\ \[**-f**\] \[**--gstabs**\] \[**--gdwarf2**\] \[**--help**\] \[**-I** *dir*\] \ \[**-J**\] \[**-K**\] \[**-L**\]\ \[**--listing-lhs-width**=*NUM*\] \[**--listing-lhs-width2**=*NUM*\]\ \[**--listing-rhs-width**=*NUM*\] \[**--listing-cont-lines**=*NUM*\]\ \[**--keep-locals**\] \[**-o** *objfile*\] \[**-R**\] \[**--statistics**\] \[**-v**\]\ \[**-version**\] \[**--version**\] \[**-W**\] \[**--warn**\] \[**--fatal-warnings**\] \ \[**-w**\] \[**-x**\] \[**-Z**\] \[**--target-help**\] \[*target-options*\] \ \[**--**⎪*files* ...\] *Target ARC options:*\ \[**-marc\[5⎪6⎪7⎪8\]**\]\ \[**-EB**⎪**-EL**\] *Target ARM options:*\ \[**-m\[arm\]1**⎪**-m\[arm\]2**⎪**-m\[arm\]250**⎪**-m\[arm\]3**⎪\ **-m\[arm\]6**⎪**-m\[arm\]60**⎪**-m\[arm\]600**⎪**-m\[arm\]610**⎪\ **-m\[arm\]620**⎪**-m\[arm\]7\[t\]\[\[d\]m\[i\]\]\[fe\]**⎪**-m\[arm\]70**⎪\ **-m\[arm\]700**⎪**-m\[arm\]710\[c\]**⎪**-m\[arm\]7100**⎪\ **-m\[arm\]7500**⎪**-m\[arm\]8**⎪**-m\[arm\]810**⎪**-m\[arm\]9**⎪\ **-m\[arm\]920**⎪**-m\[arm\]920t**⎪**-m\[arm\]9tdmi**⎪\ **-mstrongarm**⎪**-mstrongarm110**⎪**-mstrongarm1100**\]\ \[**-m\[arm\]v2**⎪**-m\[arm\]v2a**⎪**-m\[arm\]v3**⎪**-m\[arm\]v3m**⎪\ **-m\[arm\]v4**⎪**-m\[arm\]v4t**⎪**-m\[arm\]v5**⎪**-\[arm\]v5t**⎪\ **-\[arm\]v5te**\]\ \[**-mthumb**⎪**-mall**\]\ \[**-mfpa10**⎪**-mfpa11**⎪**-mfpe-old**⎪**-mno-fpu**\]\ \[**-EB**⎪**-EL**\]\ \[**-mapcs-32**⎪**-mapcs-26**⎪**-mapcs-float**⎪\ **-mapcs-reentrant**\]\ \[**-mthumb-interwork**\] \[**-moabi**\] \[**-k**\] *Target D10V options:*\ \[**-O**\] *Target D30V options:*\ \[**-O**⎪**-n**⎪**-N**\] *Target i386 options:*\ \[**--32**⎪**--64**\] *Target i960 options:*\ \[**-ACA**⎪**-ACA\_A**⎪**-ACB**⎪**-ACC**⎪**-AKA**⎪**-AKB**⎪\ **-AKC**⎪**-AMC**\]\ \[**-b**\] \[**-no-relax**\] *Target M32R options:*\ \[**--m32rx**⎪**--\[no-\]warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts**⎪\ **--W\[n\]p**\] *Target M680X0 options:*\ \[**-l**\] \[**-m68000**⎪**-m68010**⎪**-m68020**⎪...\] *Target M68HC11 options:*\ \[**-m68hc11**⎪**-m68hc12**\]\ \[**--force-long-branchs**\] \[**--short-branchs**\]\ \[**--strict-direct-mode**\] \[**--print-insn-syntax**\]\ \[**--print-opcodes**\] \[**--generate-example**\] *Target MCORE options:*\ \[**-jsri2bsr**\] \[**-sifilter**\] \[**-relax**\]\ \[**-mcpu=\[210⎪340\]**\] *Target MIPS options:*\ \[**-nocpp**\] \[**-EL**\] \[**-EB**\] \[**-G** *num*\] \[**-mcpu**=*CPU* \]\ \[**-mips1**\] \[**-mips2**\] \[**-mips3**\] \[**-mips4**\] \[**-mips5**\]\ \[**-mips32**\] \[**-mips64**\]\ \[**-m4650**\] \[**-no-m4650**\]\ \[**--trap**\] \[**--break**\] \[**-n**\]\ \[**--emulation**=*name* \] *Target MMIX options:*\ \[**--fixed-special-register-names**\] \[**--globalize-symbols**\]\ \[**--gnu-syntax**\] \[**--relax**\] \[**--no-predefined-symbols**\]\ \[**--no-expand**\] \[**--no-merge-gregs**\] \[**-x**\] *Target PDP11 options:*\ \[**-mpic**⎪**-mno-pic**\] \[**-mall**\] \[**-mno-extensions**\]\ \[**-m***extension*⎪**-mno-***extension*\]\ \[**-m***cpu*\] \[**-m***machine*\] *Target picoJava options:*\ \[**-mb**⎪**-me**\] *Target PowerPC options:*\ \[**-mpwrx**⎪**-mpwr2**⎪**-mpwr**⎪**-m601**⎪**-mppc**⎪**-mppc32**⎪**-m603**⎪**-m604**⎪\ **-m403**⎪**-m405**⎪**-mppc64**⎪**-m620**⎪**-mppc64bridge**⎪**-mbooke**⎪\ **-mbooke32**⎪**-mbooke64**\]\ \[**-mcom**⎪**-many**⎪**-maltivec**\] \[**-memb**\]\ \[**-mregnames**⎪**-mno-regnames**\]\ \[**-mrelocatable**⎪**-mrelocatable-lib**\]\ \[**-mlittle**⎪**-mlittle-endian**⎪**-mbig**⎪**-mbig-endian**\]\ \[**-msolaris**⎪**-mno-solaris**\] *Target SPARC options:*\ \[**-Av6**⎪**-Av7**⎪**-Av8**⎪**-Asparclet**⎪**-Asparclite**\ **-Av8plus**⎪**-Av8plusa**⎪**-Av9**⎪**-Av9a**\]\ \[**-xarch=v8plus**⎪**-xarch=v8plusa**\] \[**-bump**\]\ \[**-32**⎪**-64**\] ## DESCRIPTION GNU **as** is really a family of assemblers. If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another architecture. Each version has much in common with the others, including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called *pseudo-ops*) and assembler syntax. **as** is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C compiler for use by the linker . Nevertheless, we've tried to make **as** assemble correctly everything that other assemblers for the same machine would assemble. Any exceptions are documented explicitly. This doesn't mean **as** always uses the same syntax as another assembler for the same architecture; for example, we know of several incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax. Each time you run **as** it assembles exactly one source program. The source program is made up of one or more files. (The standard input is also a file.) You give **as** a command line that has zero or more input file names. The input files are read (from left file name to right). A command line argument (in any position) that has no special meaning is taken to be an input file name. If you give **as** no file names it attempts to read one input file from the **as** standard input, which is normally your terminal. You may have to type **ctl-D** to tell **as** there is no more program to assemble. Use **--** if you need to explicitly name the standard input file in your command line. If the source is empty, **as** produces a small, empty object file. **as** may write warnings and error messages to the standard error file (usually your terminal). This should not happen when a compiler runs **as** automatically. Warnings report an assumption made so that **as** could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a grave problem that stops the assembly. If you are invoking **as** via the GNU C compiler (version 2), you can use the **-Wa** option to pass arguments through to the assembler. The assembler arguments must be separated from each other (and the **-Wa**) by commas. For example: ``` gcc -c -g -O -Wa,-alh,-L file.c ``` This passes two options to the assembler: **-alh** (emit a listing to standard output with with high-level and assembly source) and **-L** (retain local symbols in the symbol table). Usually you do not need to use this **-Wa** mechanism, since many compiler command-line options are automatically passed to the assembler by the compiler. (You can call the GNU compiler driver with the **-v** option to see precisely what options it passes to each compilation pass, including the assembler.) ## OPTIONS - **-a\[cdhlmns\]** Turn on listings, in any of a variety of ways: - **-ac** omit false conditionals - **-ad** omit debugging directives - **-ah** include high-level source - **-al** include assembly - **-am** include macro expansions - **-an** omit forms processing - **-as** include symbols - **=file** set the name of the listing file You may combine these options; for example, use **-aln** for assembly listing without forms processing. The **=file** option, if used, must be the last one. By itself, **-a** defaults to **-ahls**. - **-D** Ignored. This option is accepted for script compatibility with calls to other assemblers. - **--defsym** *sym***=***value* Define the symbol *sym* to be *value* before assembling the input file. *value* must be an integer constant. As in C, a leading **0x** indicates a hexadecimal value, and a leading **0** indicates an octal value. - **-f** \`\`fast''---skip whitespace and comment preprocessing (assume source is compiler output). - **--gstabs** Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler line. This may help debugging assembler code, if the debugger can handle it. - **--gdwarf2** Generate DWARF2 debugging information for each assembler line. This may help debugging assembler code, if the debugger can handle it. Note - this option is only supported by some targets, not all of them. - **--help** Print a summary of the command line options and exit. - **--target-help** Print a summary of all target specific options and exit. - **-I** *dir* Add directory *dir* to the search list for `".include"` directives. - **-J** Don't warn about signed overflow. - **-K** This option is accepted but has no effect on the TARGET family. - **-L** - **--keep-locals** Keep (in the symbol table) local symbols. On traditional a.out systems these start with **L**, but different systems have different local label prefixes. - **--listing-lhs-width=***number* Set the maximum width, in words, of the output data column for an assembler listing to *number*. - **--listing-lhs-width2=***number* Set the maximum width, in words, of the output data column for continuation lines in an assembler listing to *number*. - **--listing-rhs-width=***number* Set the maximum width of an input source line, as displayed in a listing, to *number* bytes. - **--listing-cont-lines=***number* Set the maximum number of lines printed in a listing for a single line of input to *number* + 1. - **-o** *objfile* Name the object-file output from **as** *objfile*. - **-R** Fold the data section into the text section. - **--statistics** Print the maximum space (in bytes) and total time (in seconds) used by assembly. - **--strip-local-absolute** Remove local absolute symbols from the outgoing symbol table. - **-v** - **-version** Print the **as** version. - **--version** Print the **as** version and exit. - **-W** - **--no-warn** Suppress warning messages. - **--fatal-warnings** Treat warnings as errors. - **--warn** Don't suppress warning messages or treat them as errors. - **-w** Ignored. - **-x** Ignored. - **-Z** Generate an object file even after errors. - **-- \|** *files* **...** Standard input, or source files to assemble. The following options are available when as is configured for an ARC processor. - **-marc\[5\|6\|7\|8\]** This option selects the core processor variant. - **-EB \| -EL** Select either big-endian (-EB) or little-endian (-EL) output. The following options are available when as is configured for the ARM processor family. - **-m\[arm\]\[1\|2\|3\|6\|7\|8\|9\]\[...\]** Specify which ARM processor variant is the target. - **-m\[arm\]v\[2\|2a\|3\|3m\|4\|4t\|5\|5t\]** Specify which ARM architecture variant is used by the target. - **-mthumb \| -mall** Enable or disable Thumb only instruction decoding. - **-mfpa10 \| -mfpa11 \| -mfpe-old \| -mno-fpu** Select which Floating Point architecture is the target. - **-mapcs-32 \| -mapcs-26 \| -mapcs-float \| -mapcs-reentrant \| -moabi** Select which procedure calling convention is in use. - **-EB \| -EL** Select either big-endian (-EB) or little-endian (-EL) output. - **-mthumb-interwork** Specify that the code has been generated with interworking between Thumb and ARM code in mind. - **-k** Specify that PIC code has been generated. The following options are available when as is configured for a D10V processor. - **-O** Optimize output by parallelizing instructions. The following options are available when as is configured for a D30V processor. - **-O** Optimize output by parallelizing instructions. - **-n** Warn when nops are generated. - **-N** Warn when a nop after a 32-bit multiply instruction is generated. The following options are available when as is configured for the Intel 80960 processor. - **-ACA \| -ACA\_A \| -ACB \| -ACC \| -AKA \| -AKB \| -AKC \| -AMC** Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the target. - **-b** Add code to collect statistics about branches taken. - **-no-relax** Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long displacements; error if necessary. The following options are available when as is configured for the Mitsubishi M32R series. - **--m32rx** Specify which processor in the M32R family is the target. The default is normally the M32R, but this option changes it to the M32RX. - **--warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts or --Wp** Produce warning messages when questionable parallel constructs are encountered. - **--no-warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts or --Wnp** Do not produce warning messages when questionable parallel constructs are encountered. The following options are available when as is configured for the Motorola 68000 series. - **-l** Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of two. - **-m68000 \| -m68008 \| -m68010 \| -m68020 \| -m68030** - **\| -m68040 \| -m68060 \| -m68302 \| -m68331 \| -m68332** - **\| -m68333 \| -m68340 \| -mcpu32 \| -m5200** Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the target. The default is normally the 68020, but this can be changed at configuration time. - **-m68881 \| -m68882 \| -mno-68881 \| -mno-68882** The target machine does (or does not) have a floating-point coprocessor. The default is to assume a coprocessor for 68020, 68030, and cpu32. Although the basic 68000 is not compatible with the 68881, a combination of the two can be specified, since it's possible to do emulation of the coprocessor instructions with the main processor. - **-m68851 \| -mno-68851** The target machine does (or does not) have a memory-management unit coprocessor. The default is to assume an MMU for 68020 and up. For details about the PDP-11 machine dependent features options, see `@ref`{PDP-11-Options}. - **-mpic \| -mno-pic** Generate position-independent (or position-dependent) code. The default is **-mpic**. - **-mall** - **-mall-extensions** Enable all instruction set extensions. This is the default. - **-mno-extensions** Disable all instruction set extensions. - **-m***extension* **\| -mno-***extension* Enable (or disable) a particular instruction set extension. - **-m***cpu* Enable the instruction set extensions supported by a particular CPU, and disable all other extensions. - **-m***machine* Enable the instruction set extensions supported by a particular machine model, and disable all other extensions. The following options are available when as is configured for a picoJava processor. - **-mb** Generate \`\`big endian'' format output. - **-ml** Generate \`\`little endian'' format output. The following options are available when as is configured for the Motorola 68HC11 or 68HC12 series. - **-m68hc11 \| -m68hc12** Specify what processor is the target. The default is defined by the configuration option when building the assembler. - **--force-long-branchs** Relative branches are turned into absolute ones. This concerns conditional branches, unconditional branches and branches to a sub routine. - **-S \| --short-branchs** Do not turn relative branchs into absolute ones when the offset is out of range. - **--strict-direct-mode** Do not turn the direct addressing mode into extended addressing mode when the instruction does not support direct addressing mode. - **--print-insn-syntax** Print the syntax of instruction in case of error. - **--print-opcodes** print the list of instructions with syntax and then exit. - **--generate-example** print an example of instruction for each possible instruction and then exit. This option is only useful for testing **as**. The following options are available when **as** is configured for the SPARC architecture: - **-Av6 \| -Av7 \| -Av8 \| -Asparclet \| -Asparclite** - **-Av8plus \| -Av8plusa \| -Av9 \| -Av9a** Explicitly select a variant of the SPARC architecture. **-Av8plus** and **-Av8plusa** select a 32 bit environment. **-Av9** and **-Av9a** select a 64 bit environment. **-Av8plusa** and **-Av9a** enable the SPARC V9 instruction set with UltraSPARC extensions. - **-xarch=v8plus \| -xarch=v8plusa** For compatibility with the Solaris v9 assembler. These options are equivalent to -Av8plus and -Av8plusa, respectively. - **-bump** Warn when the assembler switches to another architecture. The following options are available when as is configured for a MIPS processor. - **-G** *num* This option sets the largest size of an object that can be referenced implicitly with the `"gp"` register. It is only accepted for targets that use ECOFF format, such as a DECstation running Ultrix. The default value is 8. - **-EB** Generate \`\`big endian'' format output. - **-EL** Generate \`\`little endian'' format output. - **-mips1** - **-mips2** - **-mips3** - **-mips4** - **-mips32** - **-mips64** Generate code for a particular MIPS Instruction Set Architecture level. **-mips1** corresponds to the R2000 and R3000 processors, **-mips2** to the R6000 processor, and **-mips3** to the R4000 processor. **-mips5**, **-mips32**, and **-mips64** correspond to generic MIPS V, MIPS32, and MIPS64 ISA processors, respectively. - **-m4650** - **-no-m4650** Generate code for the MIPS R4650 chip. This tells the assembler to accept the **mad** and **madu** instruction, and to not schedule **nop** instructions around accesses to the **HI** and **LO** registers. **-no-m4650** turns off this option. - **-mcpu=***CPU* Generate code for a particular MIPS cpu. It is exactly equivalent to **-m***cpu*, except that there are more value of *cpu* understood. - **--emulation=***name* This option causes **as** to emulate **as** configured for some other target, in all respects, including output format (choosing between ELF and ECOFF only), handling of pseudo-opcodes which may generate debugging information or store symbol table information, and default endianness. The available configuration names are: **mipsecoff**, **mipself**, **mipslecoff**, **mipsbecoff**, **mipslelf**, **mipsbelf**. The first two do not alter the default endianness from that of the primary target for which the assembler was configured; the others change the default to little- or big-endian as indicated by the **b** or **l** in the name. Using **-EB** or **-EL** will override the endianness selection in any case. This option is currently supported only when the primary target **as** is configured for is a MIPS ELF or ECOFF target. Furthermore, the primary target or others specified with **--enable-targets=...** at configuration time must include support for the other format, if both are to be available. For example, the Irix 5 configuration includes support for both. Eventually, this option will support more configurations, with more fine-grained control over the assembler's behavior, and will be supported for more processors. - **-nocpp** **as** ignores this option. It is accepted for compatibility with the native tools. - **--trap** - **--no-trap** - **--break** - **--no-break** Control how to deal with multiplication overflow and division by zero. **--trap** or **--no-break** (which are synonyms) take a trap exception (and only work for Instruction Set Architecture level 2 and higher); **--break** or **--no-trap** (also synonyms, and the default) take a break exception. - **-n** When this option is used, **as** will issue a warning every time it generates a nop instruction from a macro. The following options are available when as is configured for an MCore processor. - **-jsri2bsr** - **-nojsri2bsr** Enable or disable the JSRI to BSR transformation. By default this is enabled. The command line option **-nojsri2bsr** can be used to disable it. - **-sifilter** - **-nosifilter** Enable or disable the silicon filter behaviour. By default this is disabled. The default can be overridden by the **-sifilter** command line option. - **-relax** Alter jump instructions for long displacements. - **-mcpu=\[210\|340\]** Select the cpu type on the target hardware. This controls which instructions can be assembled. - **-EB** Assemble for a big endian target. - **-EL** Assemble for a little endian target. See the info pages for documentation of the MMIX-specific options. ## SEE ALSO [*gcc*(1)](/gcc/1.md), [*ld*(1)](/ld/1.md), and the Info entries for *binutils* and *ld*. ## COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".