--- name: "lvmvdo" section: "7" platform: "linux" package: "lvm2" version: "2.03.44-1" release: "Arch Linux 2026-11-01" platforms: ["linux"] url: "https://new.carta.tech/lvmvdo" --- # lvmvdo(7) Support for Virtual Data Optimizer in LVM ## NAME lvmvdo — Support for Virtual Data Optimizer in LVM ## DESCRIPTION VDO is software that provides inline block-level deduplication, compression, and thin provisioning capabilities for primary storage. Deduplication is a technique for reducing the consumption of storage resources by eliminating multiple copies of duplicate blocks. Compression takes the individual unique blocks and shrinks them. These reduced blocks are then efficiently packed together into physical blocks. Thin provisioning manages the mapping from logical blocks presented by VDO to where the data has actually been physically stored, and also eliminates any blocks of all zeroes. With deduplication, instead of writing the same data more than once, VDO detects and records each duplicate block as a reference to the original block. VDO maintains a mapping from Logical Block Addresses (LBA) (used by the storage layer above VDO) to physical block addresses (used by the storage layer under VDO). After deduplication, multiple logical block addresses may be mapped to the same physical block address; these are called shared blocks and are reference-counted by the software. With compression, VDO compresses multiple blocks (or shared blocks) with the fast LZ4 algorithm, and bins them together where possible so that multiple compressed blocks fit within a 4 KB block on the underlying storage. An LBA is mapped to a physical block address and an index within it for the desired compressed data. All compressed blocks are individually reference counted for correctness. Block sharing and block compression are invisible to applications using the storage, which read and write blocks as they would if VDO were not present. When a shared block is overwritten, a new physical block is allocated for storing the new block data to ensure that other logical block addresses that are mapped to the shared physical block are not modified. To use VDO with [**lvm**(8)](/lvm/8.md), you must install the standard VDO user-space tools [**vdoformat**(8)](/vdoformat/8.md) and the kernel module "*dm\_vdo*" (for older kernels before 6.9, the out-of-tree kernel VDO module "*kvdo*" is necessary). The kernel module implements fine-grained storage virtualization, thin provisioning, block sharing, compression and memory-efficient duplicate identification. The user-space tools include [**vdostats**(8)](/vdostats/8.md) for extracting statistics from VDO volumes. ## VDO TERMS - **VDODataLV** VDO data LV is a large hidden LV with the \_vdata suffix. It is created in a VG used by the VDO kernel target to store all data and metadata blocks. - **VDOPoolLV** A VDO pool LV is a pool for virtual VDOLVs. A VDOLV has the size of the used VDODataLV. Only a single VDOLV is currently supported. - **VDOLV** A VDO LV is a virtual LV created from a VDOPoolLV. Appears blank after creation. ## VDO USAGE The primary methods for using VDO with lvm2: ### 1. Create a VDOPoolLV and a VDOLV Create a VDOPoolLV that will hold VDO data, and a virtual size VDOLV that the user can use. If you do not specify the virtual size, then the VDOLV is created with the maximum size that always fits into data volume even if no deduplication or compression can happen (i.e. it can hold the incompressible content of /dev/urandom). If you do not specify the name of VDOPoolLV, it is taken from the sequence of vpool0, vpool1, ... Note: The performance of TRIM/Discard operations is slow for large volumes of VDO type. Please try to avoid sending discard requests unless necessary because it might take a considerable amount of time to finish the discard operation. **lvcreate --type vdo -n** *VDOLV* **-L** *DataSize* **-V** *LargeVirtualSize VG/VDOPoolLV*\ **lvcreate --vdo -L** *DataSize VG* *Example* ``` # lvcreate --type vdo -n vdo0 -L 10G -V 100G vg/vdopool0 # mkfs.ext4 -E nodiscard /dev/vg/vdo0 ``` ### 2. Convert an existing LV into VDOPoolLV Convert an existing LV into a VDOPoolLV, which is a volume that can hold data and metadata. You will be prompted to confirm such conversion because it **IRREVERSIBLY** **DESTROYS** the content of the volume and the volume is immediately formatted by [**vdoformat**(8)](/vdoformat/8.md) as a VDO pool data volume. You can specify the virtual size of the VDOLV associated with this VDOPoolLV. If you do not specify the virtual size, it will be set to the maximum size that can keep 100% incompressible data in it. **lvconvert --type vdo-pool -n** *VDOLV* **-V** *VirtualSize VG/VDOPoolLV*\ **lvconvert --vdopool** *VG/VDOPoolLV* *Example* ``` # lvconvert --type vdo-pool -n vdo0 -V10G vg/ExistingLV ``` ### 3. Change the compression and deduplication of a VDOPoolLV Disable or enable the compression and deduplication for VDOPoolLV (the volume that maintains all VDO LV(s) associated with it). **lvchange --compression** **y**\|**n** **--deduplication** **y**\|**n** *VG/VDOPoolLV* *Example* ``` # lvchange --compression n vg/vdopool0 # lvchange --deduplication y vg/vdopool1 ``` ### 4. Change the default settings used for creating a VDOPoolLV VDO allows you to set a large variety of options. Lots of these settings can be specified in lvm.conf or profile settings. You can prepare a number of different profiles in the */etc/lvm/profile* directory and just specify the profile file name. Check the output of **lvmconfig --type default --withcomments** for a detailed description of all individual VDO settings. *Example* ``` # cat < /etc/lvm/profile/vdo_create.profile allocation { vdo_use_compression=1 vdo_use_deduplication=1 vdo_minimum_io_size=4096 vdo_block_map_cache_size_mb=128 vdo_block_map_period=16380 vdo_use_sparse_index=0 vdo_index_memory_size_mb=256 vdo_slab_size_mb=2048 vdo_ack_threads=1 vdo_bio_threads=1 vdo_bio_rotation=64 vdo_cpu_threads=2 vdo_hash_zone_threads=1 vdo_logical_threads=1 vdo_physical_threads=1 vdo_max_discard=1 } EOF ``` \# lvcreate --vdo -L10G --metadataprofile vdo\_create vg/vdopool0 # lvcreate --vdo -L10G --config 'allocation/vdo\_cpu\_threads=4' vg/vdopool1 ### 5. Set or change VDO settings with option --vdosettings Use the form 'option=value' or 'option1=value option2=value', or repeat --vdosettings for each option being set. Options are listed in the Example section above; for the full description see [**lvm.conf**(5)](/lvm.conf/5.md). Options can omit 'vdo\_' and 'vdo\_use\_' prefixes and all their underscores. So, for example, vdo\_use\_deduplication=1 and deduplication=1 are equivalent. To change an option for an existing VDOPoolLV, use the [**lvchange**(8)](/lvchange/8.md) command. However, not all options can be changed. For an active VDO LV, only compression and deduplication options can be changed. Lowest priority options are specified in the configuration file, then with --vdosettings. The explicit options --compression and --deduplication have the highest priority. *Example* ``` # lvcreate --vdo -L10G --vdosettings 'ack_threads=1 hash_zone_threads=2' vg/vdopool0 # lvchange --vdosettings 'bio_threads=2 deduplication=1' vg/vdopool0 ``` ### 6. Checking the usage of VDOPoolLV To quickly check VDOPoolLV usage, use [**lvs**(8)](/lvs/8.md). The Data% field reports both the proportion of the VDOLV's virtual data that is used and the space consumed by data and metadata blocks in the VDOPoolLV. For a detailed description, use the [**vdostats**(8)](/vdostats/8.md) command. Note: [**vdostats**(8)](/vdostats/8.md) currently understands only */dev/mapper* device names. *Example* ``` # lvcreate --type vdo -L10G -V20G -n vdo0 vg/vdopool0 # mkfs.ext4 -E nodiscard /dev/vg/vdo0 # lvs -a vg ``` LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% vdo0 vg vwi-a-v--- 20.00g vdopool0 0.01 vdopool0 vg dwi-ao---- 10.00g 30.16 \[vdopool0\_vdata\] vg Dwi-ao---- 10.00g \# vdostats --all /dev/mapper/vg-vdopool0-vpool /dev/mapper/vg-vdopool0 : version : 30 release version : 133524 data blocks used : 79 ... ### 7. Extending the VDOPoolLV size You can add more space to hold VDO data and metadata by extending the VDODataLV using the commands [**lvresize**(8)](/lvresize/8.md) and [**lvextend**(8)](/lvextend/8.md). The extension needs to add at least one new VDO slab. You can configure the slab size with the **allocation/vdo\_slab\_size\_mb** setting. You can also enable automatic size extension of a monitored VDOPoolLV with the **activation/vdo\_pool\_autoextend\_percent** and **activation/vdo\_pool\_autoextend\_threshold** settings. Note: You cannot reduce the size of a VDOPoolLV. **lvextend -L+** *AddingSize VG/VDOPoolLV* *Example* ``` # lvextend -L+50G vg/vdopool0 # lvresize -L300G vg/vdopool1 ``` ### 8. Extending or reducing the VDOLV size You can extend or reduce a virtual VDO LV as a standard LV with the [**lvresize**(8)](/lvresize/8.md), [**lvextend**(8)](/lvextend/8.md), and [**lvreduce**(8)](/lvreduce/8.md) commands. Note: Reducing the size requires TRIM operations for the reduced disk area to unmap used data blocks from the VDOPoolLV, which might take a long time. **lvextend -L+** *AddingSize VG/VDOLV*\ **lvreduce -L-** *ReducingSize VG/VDOLV* *Example* ``` # lvextend -L+50G vg/vdo0 # lvreduce -L-50G vg/vdo1 # lvresize -L200G vg/vdo2 ``` ### 9. Component activation of a VDODataLV You can activate a VDODataLV separately as a component LV for examination purposes. The activation of the VDODataLV activates the data LV in read-only mode, and the data LV cannot be modified. If the VDODataLV is active as a component, any upper LV using this volume CANNOT be activated. You have to deactivate the VDODataLV first to continue to use the VDOPoolLV. *Example* ``` # lvchange -ay vg/vpool0_vdata # lvchange -an vg/vpool0_vdata ``` ## VDO TOPICS ### 1. Stacking VDO You can convert or stack a VDOPoolLV with these currently supported volume types: linear, striped, RAID, and cache with a cachepool. ### 1. Using multiple volumes with the same VDOPoolLV You can convert an existing VDO LV into a thin volume. After this conversion you can create a thin snapshot or you can add more thin volumes with thin-pool named after original LV name LV\_tpool0. See [**lvmthin**(7)](/lvmthin/7.md) for more details. *Example* ``` # lvcreate --type vdo -L 5G -V 10G -n vdo1 vg/vdopool # lvconvert --type thin vg/vdo1 # lvcreate -V20 vg/vdo1_tpool0 ``` ### 2. VDOPoolLV on top of raid Using a RAID-type LV for a VDODataLV. *Example* ``` # lvcreate --type raid1 -L 5G -n vdopool vg # lvconvert --type vdo-pool -V 10G vg/vdopool ``` ### 3. Caching a VDOPoolLV Caching a VDOPoolLV (a VDODataLV volume name is also accepted) provides a mechanism to accelerate reads and writes of already compressed and deduplicated data blocks together with VDO metadata. *Example* ``` # lvcreate --type vdo -L 5G -V 10G -n vdo1 vg/vdopool # lvcreate --type cache-pool -L 1G -n cachepool vg # lvconvert --cache --cachepool vg/cachepool vg/vdopool # lvconvert --uncache vg/vdopool ``` ### 4. Caching a VDOLV Caching a VDO LV improves performance by storing data before it reaches the VDO pool LV layer. *Example* ``` # lvcreate --type vdo -L 5G -V 10G -n vdo1 vg/vdopool # lvcreate --type cache-pool -L 1G -n cachepool vg # lvconvert --cache --cachepool vg/cachepool vg/vdo1 # lvconvert --uncache vg/vdo1 ``` ### 5. Usage of Discard/TRIM with a VDOLV You can discard data on a VDO LV and reduce used blocks on a VDOPoolLV. However, the current performance of discard operations is still not optimal and takes a considerable amount of time and CPU. Unless you really need it, you should avoid using discard. When a block device is going to be rewritten, its blocks will be automatically reused for new data. Discard is useful when the user knows that the given portion of a VDO LV is not going to be used and the discarded space can be used for block provisioning in other regions of the VDO LV. For the same reason, you should avoid using mkfs with discard for a freshly created VDO LV to save a lot of time that this operation would take otherwise, as the device is already expected to be empty. ### 6. Memory usage The VDO target requires 38 MiB of RAM and several variable amounts: - • 1\.15 MiB of RAM for each 1 MiB of configured block map cache size. The block map cache requires a minimum of 150 MiB RAM. - • 1\.6 MiB of RAM for each 1 TiB of logical space. - • 268 MiB of RAM for each 1 TiB of physical storage managed by the volume. UDS requires a minimum of 250 MiB of RAM, which is also the default amount that deduplication uses. The memory required for the UDS index is determined by the index type and the required size of the deduplication window and is controlled by the **allocation/vdo\_use\_sparse\_index** setting. With enabled UDS sparse indexing, it relies on the temporal locality of data and attempts to retain only the most relevant index entries in memory and can maintain a deduplication window that is ten times larger than with dense while using the same amount of memory. Although the sparse index provides the greatest coverage, the dense index provides more deduplication advice. For most workloads, given the same amount of memory, the difference in deduplication rates between dense and sparse indexes is negligible. A dense index with 1 GiB of RAM maintains a 1 TiB deduplication window, while a sparse index with 1 GiB of RAM maintains a 10 TiB deduplication window. In general, 1 GiB is sufficient for 4 TiB of physical space with a dense index and 40 TiB with a sparse index. ### 7. Storage space requirements You can configure a VDOPoolLV to use up to 256 TiB of physical storage. Only a certain part of the physical storage is usable to store data. This section provides the calculations to determine the usable size of a VDO-managed volume. The VDO target requires storage for two types of VDO metadata and for the UDS index: - • The first type of VDO metadata uses approximately 1 MiB for each 4 GiB of physical storage plus an additional 1 MiB per slab. - • The second type of VDO metadata consumes approximately 1.25 MiB for each 1 GiB of logical storage, rounded up to the nearest slab. - • The amount of storage required for the UDS index depends on the type of index and the amount of RAM allocated to the index. For each 1 GiB of RAM, a dense UDS index uses 17 GiB of storage and a sparse UDS index will use 170 GiB of storage. ## SEE ALSO [**lvm**(8)](/lvm/8.md), [**lvm.conf**(5)](/lvm.conf/5.md), [**lvmconfig**(8)](/lvmconfig/8.md), [**lvcreate**(8)](/lvcreate/8.md), [**lvconvert**(8)](/lvconvert/8.md), [**lvchange**(8)](/lvchange/8.md), [**lvextend**(8)](/lvextend/8.md), [**lvreduce**(8)](/lvreduce/8.md), [**lvresize**(8)](/lvresize/8.md), [**lvremove**(8)](/lvremove/8.md), [**lvs**(8)](/lvs/8.md), [**lvmthin**(7)](/lvmthin/7.md), [**vdoformat**(8)](/vdoformat/8.md), [**vdostats**(8)](/vdostats/8.md), [**mkfs**(8)](/mkfs/8.md)