---
name: "link-grammar"
section: "1"
platform: "linux"
package: "link-grammar"
version: "4.2.5-1"
release: "Debian 5.0 (Lenny)"
platforms: ["linux"]
url: "https://new.carta.tech/link-grammar"
---

# link-grammar(1)

parses natural language sentences

## NAME

link-grammar - parses natural language sentences

## SYNOPSIS

**link-grammar** \[language\]*\[-pp*pp\_knowledge\_file\]*\[-c*constituent\_knowledge\_file\] \[-a affix\_file\] \[-ppoff\] \[-coff\] \[-aoff\] \[-batch\] \[-\<special "!" command\>\]

## DESCRIPTION

In Selator, D. and Temperly, D. "Parsing English with a Link Grammar" (1991), the authors defined a new formal grammatical system called a "link grammar". A sequence of words is in the language of a link grammar if there is a way to draw "links" between words in such a way that the local requirements of each word are satisfied, the links do not cross, and the words form a consistent connected graph. The authors encoded English grammar into such a system, and wrote **link-grammar** to  parse English using this grammar.

This package can be used for linguistic parsing for information retrieval or extraction from natural language documents. Abiword also uses it as a grammar checker.

## OPTIONS

- **-pp pp\_knowledge\_file**

  - **-c constituent\_knowledge\_file**

  - **-a affix\_file**

  - **-ppoff**

  - **-coff**

  - **-aoff**

  - **-batch**

  - **-\<special ! command\>**

  ## USE

link-grammar, when invoked manually, will take control of the terminal; link-grammar will then attempt to analyze the grammar of  all input, unless escaped with an exclamation mark, according to the  dictionary file provided as an argument. If escaped, the input will be treated as a "special command"; "!help" lists all special commands available.

link-grammar depends on a link-grammar dictionary which contains lists of words and associated metadata about their grammatical properties in order to analyze sentences. A link-grammar dictionary provided by the authors of link-grammar is usually included with the  link-grammar package, and can often be found somewhere in the /usr/share/link-grammar/ hierarchy. When this is the case, only the  two-letter language code needs to be specified on the command-line.  Alternatively, a user can provide their own dictionary as an argument, in which case the dictionary's  directory should be specified. Hence, either of the commands

- **link-grammar en**

  - **link-grammar /usr/share/link-grammar/en**

  will run link-grammar using the english dictionary included with the  parser.

While in a link-grammar session, some example output could be:

**linkparser\> Reading a man page is informative.**

\++++Time                                          0.00 seconds (0.01 total)

Found 1 linkage (1 had no P.P. violations)\
   Unique linkage, cost vector = (UNUSED=0 DIS=0 AND=0 LEN=12)

    \+------------------------Xp-----------------------+\
     \|         +---------Ss\*g---------+                \|\
     \|         +-------Os-------+     \|                \|\
     \|         \|     +----Ds----+     \|                \|\
     \+----Wd---+     \|   +--AN--+     +---Pa---+       \|\
     \|         \|     \|   \|      \|     \|        \|       \|

LEFT-WALL reading.g a man.n page.n is.v informative.a .

link-grammar can also be used non-interactively, either through its API, or via the -batch option.  When used with the -batch option, link-grammar passively receives input from standard input, and when the stream finishes, it then outputs its analysis. So one could construct an ad-hoc grammar checker by piping text through link-grammar with a batch option, and seeing what sentences fail to parse as valid:

**cat thesis.txt \| link-grammar /usr/share/link-grammar/en/4.0.dict -batch**

## SEE ALSO

Information on the shared-library API and the link types used in the  parse is avavailable from the authors' website at  **http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/dict/index.html.**\
 Peer-reviewed papers explaining link-grammar can be found at the same  site at **http://www.link.cs.cmu.edu/link/papers/index.html.**

## AUTHOR

link-grammar was written by Daniel Sleator \<sleator@cs.cmu.edu\>,  Davy Temperley \<dtemp@theory.esm.rochester.edu\>, and John Lafferty  \<lafferty@cs.cmu.edu\>

This manual page was written by Ken Bloom \<kbloom@gmail.com\>, for the Debian project (but may be used by others).