--- name: "libunwind-ia64" section: "3libunwind" platform: "linux" package: "libunwind-dev" version: "1.8.1-0.1" release: "Debian 13 (Trixie)" platforms: ["linux"] url: "https://new.carta.tech/libunwind-ia64/3libunwind" --- # libunwind-ia64(3libunwind) ## NAME libunwind-ia64 -- IA-64-specific support in libunwind ## INTRODUCTION The IA-64 version of libunwind uses a platform-string of ia64 and, at least in theory, should be able to support all operating systems adhering to the processor-specific ABI defined for the Itanium Processor Family. This includes both little-endian Linux and big-endian HP-UX. Furthermore, to make it possible for a single library to unwind both 32- and 64-bit targets, the type unw\_word\_t is always defined to be 64 bits wide (independent of the natural word-size of the host). Having said that, the current implementation has been tested only with IA-64 Linux. When targeting IA-64, the libunwind header file defines the macro UNW\_TARGET\_IA64 as 1 and the macro UNW\_TARGET as \`\`ia64'' (without the quotation marks). The former makes it possible for platform-dependent unwind code to use conditional-compilation to select an appropriate implementation. The latter is useful for stringification purposes and to construct target-platform-specific symbols. One special feature of IA-64 is the use of NaT bits to support speculative execution. Often, NaT bits are thought of as the \`\`65-th bit'' of a general register. However, to make everything fit into 64-bit wide unw\_word\_t values, libunwind treats the NaT-bits like separate boolean registers, whose 64-bit value is either TRUE (non-zero) or FALSE (zero). ## MACHINE-STATE The machine-state (set of registers) that is accessible through libunwind depends on the type of stack frame that a cursor points to. For normal frames, all \`\`preserved'' (callee-saved) registers are accessible. For signal-trampoline frames, all registers (including \`\`scratch'' (caller-saved) registers) are accessible. Most applications do not have to worry a-priori about which registers are accessible when. In case of doubt, it is always safe to *try* to access a register (via unw\_get\_reg() or unw\_get\_fpreg()) and if the register isn't accessible, the call will fail with a return-value of -UNW\_EBADREG. As a special exception to the above general rule, scratch registers r15-r18 are always accessible, even in normal frames. This makes it possible to pass arguments, e.g., to exception handlers. For a detailed description of the IA-64 register usage convention, please see the \`\`Itanium Software Conventions and Runtime Architecture Guide'', available at: \ **http://www.intel.com/design/itanium/downloads/245358.htm**\ ## REGISTER NAMES The IA-64-version of libunwind defines three kinds of register name macros: frame-register macros, normal register macros, and convenience macros. Below, we describe each kind in turn: ### FRAME-REGISTER MACROS Frame-registers are special (pseudo) registers because they always have a valid value, even though sometimes they do not get saved explicitly (e.g., if a memory stack frame is 16 bytes in size, the previous stack-pointer value can be calculated simply as sp+16, so there is no need to save the stack-pointer explicitly). Moreover, the set of frame register values uniquely identifies a stack frame. The IA-64 architecture defines two stacks (a memory and a register stack). Including the instruction-pointer (IP), this means there are three frame registers: - UNW\_IA64\_IP: Contains the instruction pointer (IP, or \`\`program counter'') of the current stack frame. Given this value, the remaining machine-state corresponds to the register-values that were present in the CPU when it was just about to execute the instruction pointed to by UNW\_IA64\_IP. Bits 0 and 1 of this frame-register encode the slot number of the instruction. **Note:** Due to the way the call instruction works on IA-64, the slot number is usually zero, but can be non-zero, e.g., in the stack-frame of a signal-handler trampoline. - UNW\_IA64\_SP: Contains the (memory) stack-pointer value (SP). - UNW\_IA64\_BSP: Contains the register backing-store pointer (BSP). **Note:** the value in this register is equal to the contents of register ar.bsp at the time the instruction at UNW\_IA64\_IP was about to begin execution. ### NORMAL REGISTER MACROS The following normal register name macros are available: - UNW\_IA64\_GR: The base-index for general (integer) registers. Add an index in the range from 0..127 to get a particular general register. For example, to access r4, the index UNW\_IA64\_GR+4 should be used. Registers r0 and r1 (gp) are read-only, and any attempt to write them will result in an error (-UNW\_EREADONLYREG). Even though r1 is read-only, libunwind will automatically adjust its value if the instruction-pointer (UNW\_IA64\_IP) is modified. For example, if UNW\_IA64\_IP is set to a value inside a function func(), then reading UNW\_IA64\_GR+1 will return the global-pointer value for this function. - UNW\_IA64\_NAT: The base-index for the NaT bits of the general (integer) registers. A non-zero value in these registers corresponds to a set NaT-bit. Add an index in the range from 0..127 to get a particular NaT-bit register. For example, to access the NaT bit of r4, the index UNW\_IA64\_NAT+4 should be used. - UNW\_IA64\_FR: The base-index for floating-point registers. Add an index in the range from 0..127 to get a particular floating-point register. For example, to access f2, the index UNW\_IA64\_FR+2 should be used. Registers f0 and f1 are read-only, and any attempt to write to indices UNW\_IA64\_FR+0 or UNW\_IA64\_FR+1 will result in an error (-UNW\_EREADONLYREG). - UNW\_IA64\_AR: The base-index for application registers. Add an index in the range from 0..127 to get a particular application register. For example, to access ar40, the index UNW\_IA64\_AR+40 should be used. The IA-64 architecture defines several application registers as \`\`reserved for future use''. Attempting to access such registers results in an error (-UNW\_EBADREG). - UNW\_IA64\_BR: The base-index for branch registers. Add an index in the range from 0..7 to get a particular branch register. For example, to access b6, the index UNW\_IA64\_BR+6 should be used. - UNW\_IA64\_PR: Contains the set of predicate registers. This 64-bit wide register contains registers p0 through p63 in the \`\`broad-side'' format. Just like with the \`\`move predicates'' instruction, the registers are mapped as if CFM.rrb.pr were set to 0. Thus, in general the value of predicate register pN with N\>=16 can be found in bit 16 + ((N-16)+CFM.rrb.pr) % 48. - UNW\_IA64\_CFM: Contains the current-frame-mask register. ### CONVENIENCE MACROS Convenience macros are simply aliases for certain frequently used registers: - UNW\_IA64\_GP: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+1, the global-pointer register. - UNW\_IA64\_TP: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+13, the thread-pointer register. - UNW\_IA64\_AR\_RSC: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+16, the register-stack configuration register. - UNW\_IA64\_AR\_BSP: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+17. This register index accesses the value of register ar.bsp as of the time it was last saved explicitly. This is rarely what you want. Normally, you'll want to use UNW\_IA64\_BSP instead. - UNW\_IA64\_AR\_BSPSTORE: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+18, the register-backing store write pointer. - UNW\_IA64\_AR\_RNAT: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+19, the register-backing store NaT-collection register. - UNW\_IA64\_AR\_CCV: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+32, the compare-and-swap value register. - UNW\_IA64\_AR\_CSD: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+25, the compare-and-swap-data register (used by 16-byte atomic operations). - UNW\_IA64\_AR\_UNAT: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+36, the user NaT-collection register. - UNW\_IA64\_AR\_FPSR: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+40, the floating-point status (and control) register. - UNW\_IA64\_AR\_PFS: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+64, the previous frame-state register. - UNW\_IA64\_AR\_LC: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+65 the loop-count register. - UNW\_IA64\_AR\_EC: Alias for UNW\_IA64\_GR+66, the epilogue-count register. ## THE UNWIND-CONTEXT TYPE On IA-64, unw\_context\_t is simply an alias for ucontext\_t (as defined by the Single UNIX Spec). This implies that it is possible to initialize a value of this type not just with unw\_getcontext(), but also with getcontext(), for example. However, since this is an IA-64-specific extension to libunwind, portable code should not rely on this equivalence. ## SEE ALSO libunwind(3libunwind) ## AUTHOR David Mosberger-Tang\ Email: **dmosberger@gmail.com**\ WWW: **http://www.nongnu.org/libunwind/**.