--- name: "jikes" section: "1" platform: "linux" package: "jikes" version: "1:1.22-7" release: "Debian 5.0 (Lenny)" platforms: ["linux"] url: "https://new.carta.tech/jikes" --- # jikes(1) java source to bytecode compiler ## NAME jikes - java source to bytecode compiler ## SYNOPSIS jikes \[*-options*\] \[*+options*\] \[*@files*\]\ *file.java*... Options, @files, and filenames may be intermixed. Individual options should not be repeated, unless noted below. ## DESCRIPTION **Jikes** translates Java(TM) source files to bytecode. Features include strict adherence to the language specification, automatic makefile generation and incremental compilation. It is maintained by the Jikes Project. At this time, jikes only recognizes the full name of options; you cannot abbreviate or group them. You can give different argument types in any order. Options are global, so they affect compilation of files listed earlier on the command line. Duplicated options override the previous one, unless otherwise listed. If an option is listed in the form **+T=n**, it can also be specified as **+T n** or even **+Tn**. ## OPTIONS **Jikes** may be invoked with the following command-line options: - **-bootclasspath** *path* - **--bootclasspath** *path* Use path for the bootclasspath. This path is searched first for library class files, and is usually set to **java/lib/classes.zip** or **java/jre/lib/rt.jar**. This defaults to an empty path. - **-classpath** *path* - **-cp** *path* - **--classpath** *path* Use path for CLASSPATH. This path is searched for both user source and compiled class files. This defaults to the current directory. - **-d** *directory* - **--target-directory** *directory* Write class files in the specified directory. Note that this directory is NOT in your classpath unless you list it there as well. This defaults to the current directory. - **-debug** **No effect (recognized for compatibility).** - **-depend** - **--depend** - **-Xdepend** **Recompile all used classes.** - **-deprecation** - **--deprecation** **Report uses of deprecated features.** - **-encoding** *encoding* - **--encoding** *encoding* **Use specified encoding to read source files. This is not available in** **some builds, because it requires a working iconv or ICU encoder.** **Note that binary distributions for some platforms (such as** **Windows) do NOT include support for the encoding option, as there** **is not an adequate transcoding library available on all platforms by** **default. You can tell if a binary has encoding support or not by** **running** *jikes --help* **and looking for the --encoding option:** **if it is not listed, then this binary does NOT include support for** **encoding. This defaults to a platform-dependent encoding (such as** **ASCII).** - **-extdirs** *path* - **--extdirs** *path* **Use path for extensions directories. This is typically set to grab jar** **and zip extension files located in java/jre/lib/ext. This** **defaults to an empty path.** - **-g** **Equivalent to -gsource,lines,vars.** - **-gnone\|{source,lines,vars}** **Specify which of three classfile debug options should be enabled. If** **this is not specified, the default is** **source,lines. source stores the filename of the source** **file in the class file, lines adds line number tracking to tie** **bytecodes to their location in the source file, and vars adds a** **table in the class file which stores the name of local variables and** **parameters, as well as their scope. This defaults to line and source** **information, but not vars.** - **-help** - **--help** - **-h** - **-?** **Prints a helpful summary of options, then exit. Overrides all other** **options, and nothing is compiled.** - **-J...** **No effect, since jikes is native code, and does not need a Virtual** **Machine (ignored for compatibility).** - **-nowarn** - **--nowarn** - **-q** **Do not issue warning messages. For greater control over warnings** **and cautions, see the +Z option.** - **-nowrite** - **--nowrite** **Do not write any class files, but list which ones would be written if** **used with -verbose.** - **-O** - **--optimize** **Optimize the bytecode. Technically, this means jikes should inline** **private and final methods where appropriate, but currently it does** **nothing.** - **-source** *release* - **--source** *release* **Specify which Java SDK release the source syntax obeys. For example,** **to treat the** *assert* **keyword as a normal identifier, you can use** **-source 1.3. Setting a lower target results in backward** **compatibility compilation of old source files. Valid releases are 1.3** **(Java Language Specification, 2nd edition), and 1.4 (addition of the** **assert statement, JSR 41). Plans are underway to eventually support** **1.5 (addition of generics: JSR 14; autoboxing, enhanced for-loop,** **static import, enums, and varargs: JSR 201; metadata: JSR 175; and** **updated .class file format: JSR 202; ultimately the Java Language** **Specification, 3rd edition). If not specified, this defaults to the** **valid value closest to the one specified or defaulted for** **-target (typically 1.4).** - **-sourcepath path** - **--sourcepath path** **Use path for specifying user "source only" directories. Class files in** **this path are ignored unless listed in other paths. This defaults to** **the empty path.** - **-target** *release* - **--target** *release* **Specify which Java SDK release the bytecode should target. For** **example, exception chaining was introduced in the 1.4 release, so a** **failed class literal can chain the NoClassDefFoundError to its** **original ClassNotFoundException; while the behavior in the 1.3 release** **simply discards the original exception. To get the old behavior, you** **can use -target 1.3. Setting a lower target results in forward** **compatibility to older virtual machines, and some source constructs** **will be compiled to less efficient workarounds in order to avoid known** **virtual machine bugs or deficiencies. However, a lower target may** **occasionally produce incorrect semantic behavior. Furthermore, some** **language features require virtual machine support, where there are no** **known workarounds in earlier releases: the assert statement requires** **1.4 (unless you also use -noassert), and the planned addition** **of typesafe enumerations will require 1.5. The planned addition of** **type parameterization (also known as generics) will work with 1.1.** **Valid releases are 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.4.2; plans are underway** **to support 1.5. If not specified, this defaults to the value** **specified for -source, and if that is not specified, this** **defaults to 1.4.2.** - **-verbose** - **--verbose** - **-v** **List files read and written. Also useful with -nowrite for a** **dry run to track dependencies.** - **-version** - **--version** - **-V** **Print a version message, and contact information, then exit. Overrides** **all other options except --help, and nothing is compiled.** - **-Werror** **Equivalent to +Z2, provided for javac compatibility.** - **-Xstdout** **Write error messages to standard output, not stderr. At the moment,** **this is incompatible with javac, which takes an argument as the name** **of the file where it will direct compiler message output.** - **-Xswitchcheck** **Synonym to +Pswitchcheck. Warns about fallthrough switch cases.** - **++** - **--incremental** **Compile in incremental mode. In this mode, jikes stays resident, and** **every keypress of** *Enter* **will trigger a recompilation of every** **source file rendered out-of-date by file modifications since the** **last compilation phase. To exit this mode, type** *q* **then** *Enter***.** - **+a** - **--noassert** **Do not emit assert statements. This option is not recommended for** **disabling asserts, because asserts are compiled to have minimal** **overhead when disabled through the virtual machine. Rather, it is** **intended for reducing classfile size, and to allow the use of** **-target 1.3 or earlier virtual machine targets that do not** **support the assert statement.** - **+B** - **--nobytecode** **Do not invoke bytecode generator. Perform semantic checks only.** - **+D** - **--dump-errors** **Report errors immediately in emacs-form without buffering.** - **+DR=***filename* **Write report of dependencies to specified file.** - **+E** - **--emacs** **List errors in emacs-form.** - **+F** - **--full-dependence** **Do full dependence check except for Zip and Jar files.** - **+K***name***=***TypeKeyWord* **Map name to type keyword. Multiple options are needed to change more** **than one type keyword.** - **+M** - **--makefile** **Generate makefile dependencies.** - **+OLDCSO** **Select to use same classpath search order as in older versions of** **Jikes (for compatibility).** - **+P\[***group-name***\]** **Pedantic compilation - issues lots of warnings.** **With no group name, this** **turns on a default set of pedantic warnings which does not correspond** **to any of the named groups of warnings.** **Specifying a group name turns on or off that particular named group of** **warnings, depending on the presence of the** *no-* **prefix. Some named** **groups are enabled by default. These are marked as such in the output** **of jikes --help.** **At present, the recognized group names are** **effective-java, which warns about the anti-patterns mentioned** **in Joshua Bloch's book "Effective Java";** **modifier-order, which warns about the recommended ordering of** **multiple modifiers;** **redundant-modifiers, which warns about explicitly mentioning** **an implied modifier;** **serial, which warns about serializable classes without** **serialVersionUID fields;** **shadow, which warns about shadowing and hiding of fields;** **switchcheck, which** **warns about fallthrough between cases of switch statements;** **naming-convention, which warns about names that violate Java** **naming conventions;** **unused-type-imports, which warns about unused single-type** **import statements;** **and unused-package-imports, which warns about unused package** **import statements.** **In addition, the pseudo-group all stands for all named groups** **of warnings, but not the anonymous group controlled by +P.** **Multiple +P options are cumulative in effect. For** **example, to get all pedantic warnings except modifier ordering, use** **+P +Pall +Pno-modifier-order. To get just warnings about redundant** **modifiers, without other pedantic warnings, use** **+Predundant-modifiers.** - **--pedantic** **Synonym for +P, but does not accept flags.** - **+T=***n* - **--tab=***n* **Set value of tab to** *n* **spaces. If not specified, the default is 8.** - **+U** - **--unzip-dependence** **Do full dependence check including Zip and Jar files.** - **+Z0** **Do not issue warning messages.** - **+Z1** **Treat cautions as errors.** - **+Z2** **Treat both warnings and cautions as errors.** - **+Z** - **--zero-cautions** **Equivalent to +Z1 for compatibility with earlier versions of** **Jikes.** **An argument may have the form** *@file***, which names a** *file* **holding additional command-line arguments. Each line in that file is** **treated as an argument, except that lines beginning with** *@* **are** **not expanded recursively. Lines may optionally be quoted using either** **single or double quotes. There are no escape characters (***'\\'* **is not treated as special).** ## FILES **Jikes has several options related to classpath searching.** **The -bootclasspath, -extdirs, and -sourcepath options are the same** **as in javac. In addition to being specified on the command line, the** **environment variables BOOTCLASSPATH, EXTDIRS, and** **SOURCEPATH may also be used to specify values for these options,** **respectively. Jikes also has the -classpath option as in javac,** **with the corresponding environment variable CLASSPATH. The** **classpath may also be specified in the environment variable** **JIKESPATH, although this use is discouraged. If JIKESPATH** **and CLASSPATH coexist, preference will be given to** **JIKESPATH. A value specified on the command line will be always** **be given preference over the value of any environment variable. All** **the directories and files specified in these options or environment** **variables must be in the platform path format (usually a** **colon-separated list, e.g., ".:$HOME/java/jre/lib/rt.jar").** ## SEE ALSO **Jikes Project homepage** *http://ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/jikes/* **for news of recent developments, to download new versions, to report** **bugs, or to learn how to participate in the development process.** ## COPYRIGHT **Copyright © 1996-2003, 2004 IBM Corporation and others. All Rights Reserved.** **Jikes is licensed under the** *IBM Public License***, included** **in the file** *license.htm* **distributed with the program, and also** **available at the Jikes Project URL.** **Portions of Jikes are derived from prior, freely distributable** **projects. For more details on this code, see the comments in** **src/double.h, src/platform.h, and src/unzip.h.** ## NOTES **Java is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.**