--- name: "find" section: "1" platform: "openbsd" package: "man" version: "8.0-current-20261101" release: "OpenBSD 8.0-current (2026-11-01)" platforms: ["linux", "freebsd", "openbsd", "macos"] url: "https://new.carta.tech/find" --- # find(1) walk a file hierarchy ## NAME **find** – walk a file hierarchy ## SYNOPSIS **find** \[**-dHhLXx**\] \[**-f** *path*\] *path* *...* \[*expression*\] ## DESCRIPTION **find** recursively descends the directory tree for each *path* listed, evaluating an *expression* (composed of the “primaries” and “operators” listed below) in terms of each file in the tree. In the absence of an expression, **-print** is assumed. If an expression is given, but none of the primaries **-delete**, **-exec**, **-execdir**, **-ls**, **-ok**, **-print**, or **-print0** are specified, the given expression is effectively replaced by **(** *given* *expression* **)** **-print**. The options are as follows: - **-d** Causes **find** to visit directories in post-order i.e. all entries in a directory will be acted on before the directory itself. By default, **find** visits directories in pre-order i.e. before their contents. - **-f** *path* Specifies a file hierarchy for **find** to traverse. File hierarchies may be specified without the **-f** option if they are given immediately after any other options. - **-H** Causes the file information and file type (see [stat(2)](/stat/2.md)) returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself. If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will be for the link itself. File information of all symbolic links not on the command line is that of the link itself. - **-h** An alias for the **-L** option. This option exists for backwards compatibility. - **-L** Causes the file information and file type (see [stat(2)](/stat/2.md)) returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself. If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will be for the link itself. - **-X** Permit **find** to be safely used in conjunction with [xargs(1)](/xargs/1.md). If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by xargs, a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file is skipped. The delimiting characters include single (‘'’) and double (‘"’) quotes, backslash (‘\\’), space, tab, and newline (‘\\n’) characters. Consider using **-print0** instead. - **-x** Prevents **find** from descending into directories that have a device number different than that of the file from which the descent began. It is not an error to specify more than one of the mutually exclusive options **-H** and **-L**. Where more than one of these options is specified, the last option given overrides the others. ## PRIMARIES - **-amin** *n* True if the difference between the file last access time and the time **find** was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is *n* minutes. - **-anewer** *file* True if the current file has a more recent last access time than *file*. - **-atime** *n* True if the difference between the file last access time and the time **find** was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is *n* 24-hour periods. - **-cmin** *n* True if the difference between the time of last change of file status information and the time **find** was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is *n* minutes. - **-cnewer** *file* True if the current file has a more recent last change time than *file*. - **-ctime** *n* True if the difference between the time of last change of file status information and the time **find** was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is *n* 24-hour periods. - **-delete** Delete found files and directories. Always returns true. This executes from the current working directory as **find** recurses down the tree. It will not attempt to delete a filename with a ‘*/*’ character in its pathname relative to ‘*.*’ for security reasons. Depth-first traversal processing is implied by this option. The **-delete** primary will fail to delete a directory if it is not empty. Following symlinks is incompatible with this option. - **-depth** This primary always evaluates to true. The same as specifying the **-d** option. - **-empty** True if the current file or directory is empty. - **-exec** *utility* \[*argument* *...*\] ; - **-exec** *utility* \[*argument* *...*\] {} + Execute the specified *utility*. Optional arguments may be passed to the utility. The expression must be terminated by a semicolon (‘;’) or a plus sign (‘+’). If terminated by a semicolon, the *utility* is executed once per path. This form of the primary evaluates to true if *utility* exits with a zero exit status. If the string "{}" appears anywhere in the utility name or the arguments, it is replaced by the pathname of the current file. If terminated by a plus sign, the pathnames for which the primary is evaluated are aggregated into sets, and *utility* will be invoked once per set, similar to [xargs(1)](/xargs/1.md). This form of the primary always evaluates to true. If any invocation exits with a non-zero exit status, then **find** will eventually do so as well, but this does not cause **find** to exit early. The string "{}" must appear, and must appear last. Each set is limited to no more than 5,000 pathnames, and is also limited such that the invocation of *utility* does not exceed ARG\_MAX. - **-execdir** *utility* \[*argument* *...*\] ; Identical to the first form of the **-exec** primary with the exception that *utility* will be executed from the directory that holds the current file. The filename substituted for the string "{}" is not qualified. - **-flags** \[-\]*flags* The *flags* are comma-separated symbolic file flags (see [chflags(1)](/chflags/1.md) for a list of valid flag names). If the flags are preceded by a dash (‘-’), this primary evaluates to true if at least all specified *flags* are set in the file's flags. If the flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the flags specified exactly match those of the file. - **-follow** This primary always evaluates to true. The same as specifying the **-L** option. - **-fstype** *type* True if the file is contained in a file system of type *type*. Two special file system types are recognized: “local” and “rdonly”. These do not describe actual file system types; the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where **find** is being executed whereas the latter matches any file system which is mounted read-only. - **-group** *gname* True if the file belongs to the group *gname*. If *gname* is numeric and there is no such group name, then *gname* is treated as a group ID. - **-iname** *pattern* Identical to the **-name** primary except that the matching is done in a case insensitive manner. - **-inum** *n* True if the file has inode number *n*. - **-links** *n* True if the file has *n* links. - **-ls** This primary always evaluates to true. The following information for the current file is written to standard output: its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname. If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers will be displayed instead of the size in bytes. If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be displayed preceded by “-\>”. The format is identical to that produced by “ls -dils”. - **-maxdepth** *n* True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in *n*. - **-mindepth** *n* True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in *n*. - **-mmin** *n* True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time **find** was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is *n* minutes. - **-mtime** *n* True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time **find** was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is *n* 24-hour periods. - **-name** *pattern* True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches *pattern*, which may use any of the special characters documented in [glob(7)](/glob/7.md). - **-newer** *file* True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than *file*. - **-nogroup** True if the file belongs to an unknown group. - **-nouser** True if the file belongs to an unknown user. - **-ok** *utility* \[*argument* *...*\] ; Identical to the **-exec** primary with the exception that **find** requests user affirmation for the execution of *utility* by printing a message to the terminal and reading a response. If the response is other than ‘y’, the command is not executed and the value of the **ok** expression is false. - **-path** *pattern* True if the pathname being examined matches *pattern*, which may use any of the special characters documented in [glob(7)](/glob/7.md). Slashes (‘/’) are treated as normal characters and do not have to be matched explicitly. - **-perm** \[-\]*mode* The *mode* may be either symbolic (see [chmod(1)](/chmod/1.md)) or an octal number. If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process's file mode creation mask. If the mode is octal, only bits 07777 (S\_ISUID \| S\_ISGID \| S\_ISTXT \| S\_IRWXU \| S\_IRWXG \| S\_IRWXO) of the file's mode bits participate in the comparison. If the mode is preceded by a dash (‘-’), this primary evaluates to true if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits. If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits. Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash. - **-print** This primary always evaluates to true. It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed by a newline (‘\\n’) character. - **-print0** This primary always evaluates to true. It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed by a null character, suitable for use with the **-0** option to [xargs(1)](/xargs/1.md). - **-prune** This primary always evaluates to true. It causes **find** to not descend into the current file. Note, the **-prune** primary has no effect if the **-d** option was specified. - **-size** *n*\[**c**\] True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is *n*. If *n* is followed by a ‘c’, then the primary is true if the file's size is *n* bytes. - **-type** *t* True if the file is of the specified type. Possible file types are as follows: - **b** block special - **c** character special - **d** directory - **f** regular file - **l** symbolic link - **p** FIFO - **s** socket - **-user** *uname* True if the file belongs to the user *uname*. If *uname* is numeric and there is no such user name, then *uname* is treated as a user ID. - **-xdev** This primary always evaluates to true. The same as specifying the **-x** option. All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be preceded by a plus sign (‘+’) or a minus sign (‘-’). A preceding plus sign means “more than n”, a preceding minus sign means “less than n”, and neither means “exactly n”. Exceptions are the primaries **mindepth** and **maxdepth**. ## OPERATORS The primaries may be combined using the following operators. The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence. - **(** *expression* **)** This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to true. - **!** *expression* - **-not** *expression* This is the unary NOT operator. It evaluates to true if the expression is false. - *expression* **-a** *expression* - *expression* **-and** *expression* - *expression* *expression* The logical AND operator. As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions, it does not have to be specified. The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true. The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false. - *expression* **-o** *expression* - *expression* **-or** *expression* The logical OR operator. The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression is true. The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true. Operators, primaries, and arguments to primaries must be separate arguments to **find**, i.e. they should be separated by whitespace. ## EXIT STATUS The **find** utility exits with a value of 0 on successful traversal of all path operands or with a value \>0 if an error occurred. ## EXAMPLES Print out a list of all the files whose names end in “.c”: ``` $ find / -name '*.c' ``` Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than “ttt” and owned by “wnj”: ``` $ find / ! \( -newer ttt -user wnj \) ``` Print out a list of all core files on local file systems: ``` $ find / ! -fstype local -prune -o -name '*.core' ``` Find all files in */usr/src* ending in a dot and single digit, but skip directory */usr/src/gnu*: ``` $ find /usr/src -path /usr/src/gnu -prune -o -name \*.[0-9] ``` Find and remove all \*.jpg and \*.gif files under the current working directory: ``` $ find . \( -name \*.jpg -o -name \*.gif \) -exec rm {} + ``` or ``` $ find . \( -name \*.jpg -o -name \*.gif \) -delete ``` ## SEE ALSO [chflags(1)](/chflags/1.md), [chmod(1)](/chmod/1.md), [locate(1)](/locate/1.md), [ls(1)](/ls/1.md), [whereis(1)](/whereis/1.md), [which(1)](/which/1.md), [xargs(1)](/xargs/1.md), [stat(2)](/stat/2.md), [fts\_open(3)](/fts_open/3.md), [glob(7)](/glob/7.md), [symlink(7)](/symlink/7.md) ## STANDARDS The **find** utility is compliant with the IEEE Std 1003.1-2008 (“POSIX.1”) specification. The options \[**-dfhXx**\], primaries **-amin**, **-anewer**, **-cmin**, **-cnewer**, **-delete**, **-empty**, **-execdir**, **-flags**, **-follow**, **-fstype**, **-iname**, **-inum**, **-ls**, **-maxdepth**, **-mindepth**, **-mmin**, and **-print0**, and operators **-and**, **-not**, and **-or**, are extensions to that specification. Historically, the **-d**, **-L**, and **-x** options were implemented using the primaries **-depth**, **-follow**, and **-xdev**. These primaries always evaluated to true. As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results. An example is the expression “-print -o -depth”. As **-print** always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation implies that **-depth** would never be evaluated. This is not the case. Historic implementations of the **-exec** and **-ok** primaries did not replace the string "{}" in the utility name or the utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters. This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments it appears. ## HISTORY A simple **find** command appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX and was removed in Version 3 AT&T UNIX. A new **find** command was written for the Programmer's Workbench (PWB) and appeared in Version 5 AT&T UNIX. It was rewritten for 4.3BSD-Reno. ## CAVEATS The special characters used by **find** are also special characters to many shell programs. In particular, the characters ‘\*’, ‘\[’, ‘\]’, ‘?’, ‘(’, ‘)’, ‘\\’, and ‘;’ may have to be escaped from the shell. As file names may contain whitespace and shell metacharacters, passing the output of **find** to other programs requires some care: ``` $ find . -name \*.jpg | xargs rm ``` or ``` $ rm `find . -name \*.jpg` ``` would, given files “important .jpg” and “important”, remove “important”. Use the **-print0** or **-exec** primaries instead. As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file names and the *expression*, it is difficult to specify files named “-xdev” or ‘!’. These problems are handled by the **-f** option and the [getopt(3)](/getopt/3.md) ‘--’ construct.