--- name: "emacs" section: "1emacs21" platform: "linux" package: "emacs21-common" version: "21.4a+1-5.6" release: "Debian 5.0 (Lenny)" platforms: ["linux"] url: "https://new.carta.tech/emacs/1emacs21" --- # emacs(1emacs21) GNU project Emacs ## NAME emacs - GNU project Emacs ## SYNOPSIS **emacs** \[ *command-line switches* \] \[ *files ...* \]\ ## DESCRIPTION *GNU Emacs* is a version of *Emacs,* written by the author of the original (PDP-10) *Emacs,* Richard Stallman.\ The primary documentation of GNU Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual, which you can read on line using Info, a subsystem of Emacs. Please look there for complete and up-to-date documentation. This man page is updated only when someone volunteers to do so; the Emacs maintainers' priority goal is to minimize the amount of time this man page takes away from other more useful projects.\ The user functionality of GNU Emacs encompasses everything other *Emacs* editors do, and it is easily extensible since its editing commands are written in Lisp. *Emacs* has an extensive interactive help facility, but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate *Emacs* windows and buffers. CTRL-h (backspace or CTRL-h) enters the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) requests an interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the fundamentals of *Emacs* in a few minutes. Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c) describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f) describes a given Lisp function specified by name. *Emacs's* Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is easy to recover from editing mistakes. *GNU Emacs's* many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail), outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells within *Emacs* windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), and automated psychotherapy (Doctor). There is an extensive reference manual, but users of other Emacses should have little trouble adapting even without a copy. Users new to *Emacs* will be able to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and using the self-documentation features. Emacs Options The following options are of general interest: - *file* Edit *file.* - **+***number* Go to the line specified by *number* (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and the number). - **-q** Do not load an init file. - **-u** *user* Load *user's* init file. - **-t** *file* Use specified *file* as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout. This must be the first argument specified in the command line. The following options are lisp-oriented (these options are processed in the order encountered): - **-f** *function* Execute the lisp function *function.* - **-l** *file* Load the lisp code in the file *file.* The following options are useful when running *Emacs* as a batch editor: - **-batch** Edit in batch mode. The editor will send messages to stderr. This option must be the first in the argument list. You must use -l and -f options to specify files to execute and functions to call. - **-kill** Exit *Emacs* while in batch mode. Using Emacs with X *Emacs* has been tailored to work well with the X window system. If you run *Emacs* from under X windows, it will create its own X window to display in. You will probably want to start the editor as a background process so that you can continue using your original window. *Emacs* can be started with the following X switches: - **-name** *name* Specifies the name which should be assigned to the initial *Emacs* window. This controls looking up X resources as well as the window title. - **-title** *name* Specifies the title for the initial X window. - **-r** Display the *Emacs* window in reverse video. - **-i** Use the Emacs icon when iconifying the *Emacs* window. - **-font** *font,* **-fn** *font* Set the *Emacs* window's font to that specified by *font.* You will find the various *X* fonts in the */usr/lib/X11/fonts* directory. Note that *Emacs* will only accept fixed width fonts. Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed width font. Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form *width*x*height* are generally fixed width, as is the font *fixed*. See [*xlsfonts*(1)](/xlsfonts/1.md) for more information. When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the switch and the font name. - **-bw** *pixels* Set the *Emacs* window's border width to the number of pixels specified by *pixels.* Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window. - **-ib** *pixels* Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified by *pixels.* Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window. - **-geometry** *geometry* Set the *Emacs* window's width, height, and position as specified. The geometry specification is in the standard X format; see *X*(1) for more information. The width and height are specified in characters; the default is 80 by 40. - **-fg** *color* On color displays, sets the color of the text. See the file */usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt* for a list of valid color names. - **-bg** *color* On color displays, sets the color of the window's background. - **-bd** *color* On color displays, sets the color of the window's border. - **-cr** *color* On color displays, sets the color of the window's text cursor. - **-ms** *color* On color displays, sets the color of the window's mouse cursor. - **-d** *displayname,* **-display** *displayname* Create the *Emacs* window on the display specified by *displayname*. Must be the first option specified in the command line. - **-nw** Tells *Emacs* not to use its special interface to X. If you use this switch when invoking *Emacs* from an [*xterm*(1)](/xterm/1.md) window, display is done in that window. This must be the first option specified in the command line. You can set *X* default values for your *Emacs* windows in your *.Xresources* file (see [*xrdb*(1)](/xrdb/1.md)). Use the following format: - emacs.keyword:value where *value* specifies the default value of *keyword.* *Emacs* lets you set default values for the following keywords: - **font (class Font)** Sets the window's text font. - **reverseVideo (class ReverseVideo)** If *reverseVideo's* value is set to *on,* the window will be displayed in reverse video. - **bitmapIcon (class BitmapIcon)** If *bitmapIcon's* value is set to *on,* the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink." - **borderWidth (class BorderWidth)** Sets the window's border width in pixels. - **internalBorder (class BorderWidth)** Sets the window's internal border width in pixels. - **foreground (class Foreground)** For color displays, sets the window's text color. - **background (class Background)** For color displays, sets the window's background color. - **borderColor (class BorderColor)** For color displays, sets the color of the window's border. - **cursorColor (class Foreground)** For color displays, sets the color of the window's text cursor. - **pointerColor (class Foreground)** For color displays, sets the color of the window's mouse cursor. - **geometry (class Geometry)** Sets the geometry of the *Emacs* window (as described above). - **title (class Title)** Sets the title of the *Emacs* window. - **iconName (class Title)** Sets the icon name for the *Emacs* window icon. If you try to set color values while using a black and white display, the window's characteristics will default as follows: the foreground color will be set to black, the background color will be set to white, the border color will be set to grey, and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black. Using the Mouse The following lists the mouse button bindings for the *Emacs* window under X11. MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION\ left Set point.\ middle Paste text.\ right Cut text into X cut buffer.\ SHIFT-middle Cut text into X cut buffer.\ SHIFT-right Paste text.\ CTRL-middle Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it.\ CTRL-right Select this window, then split it into two windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 2.\ CTRL-SHIFT-left X buffer menu--hold the buttons and keys down, wait for menu to appear, select buffer, and release. Move mouse out of menu and release to cancel.\ CTRL-SHIFT-middle X help menu--pop up index card menu for Emacs help.\ CTRL-SHIFT-right Select window with mouse, and delete all other windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 1. ## MANUALS You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free Software Foundation, which develops GNU software. See the file ORDERS for ordering information.\ Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available. As with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted to make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual. The TeX source to the manual is also included in the Emacs source distribution. ## FILES /usr/info - files for the Info documentation browser (a subsystem of Emacs) to refer to. Currently not much of Unix is documented here, but the complete text of the Emacs reference manual is included in a convenient tree structured form. /usr/share/emacs/$VERSION/src - C source files and object files /usr/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp - Lisp source files and compiled files that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded; others are autoloaded from this directory when used. /usr/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc - various programs that are used with GNU Emacs, and some files of information. /usr/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.\* - contains the documentation strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the size of Emacs proper. /usr/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/OTHER.EMACSES discusses GNU Emacs vs. other versions of Emacs.\ /usr/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education, troubleshooting, porting and customization.\ These files also have information useful to anyone wishing to write programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language, which has not yet been fully documented. /usr/com/emacs/lock - holds lock files that are made for all files being modified in Emacs, to prevent simultaneous modification of one file by two users. /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt - list of valid X color names. ## BUGS There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu on the internet (ucbvax!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-emacs on UUCPnet), for reporting Emacs bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try to be sure that it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a deliberate feature. We ask you to read the section \`\`Reporting Emacs Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints on how and when to report bugs. Also, include the version number of the Emacs you are running in *every* bug report that you send in. Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The purpose of reporting bugs is to get them fixed for everyone in the next release, if possible. For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for a list of people who offer it. Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list. Send requests to be added to mailing lists to the special list info-gnu-emacs-request@prep.ai.mit.edu (or the corresponding UUCP address). For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the file /usr/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS. Bugs tend actually to be fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report them in such a way that they can be easily reproduced. Bugs that I know about are: shell will not work with programs running in Raw mode on some Unix versions. ## UNRESTRICTIONS *Emacs* is free; anyone may redistribute copies of *Emacs* to anyone under the terms stated in the *Emacs* General Public License, a copy of which accompanies each copy of *Emacs* and which also appears in the reference manual. Copies of *Emacs* may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems, but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those systems. Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution is permitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions to redistribution of *Emacs.* Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend *Emacs,* and urges that you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. Eventually GNU (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement for Berkeley Unix. Everyone will be free to use, copy, study and change the GNU system. ## SEE ALSO X(1), [xlsfonts(1)](/xlsfonts/1.md), [xterm(1)](/xterm/1.md), [xrdb(1)](/xrdb/1.md) ## AUTHORS *Emacs* was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features. ## COPYING Copyright (c) 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. A copy of the license is included in the **gfdl**(**1**) man page, and in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License" in the Emacs manual.