--- name: "crasm" section: "1" platform: "linux" package: "crasm" version: "1.8-3" release: "Debian 13 (Trixie)" platforms: ["linux"] url: "https://new.carta.tech/crasm" --- # crasm(1) Cross assembler for 6800/6801/6803/6502/65C02/Z80 ## NAME crasm - Cross assembler for 6800/6801/6803/6502/65C02/Z80 ## SYNOPSIS **crasm \[-o** *codefile***\] \[-slx\]** *asmfile* Assemble the microprocessor program *asmfile* and produce output file *codefile* in Intel HEX or Motorola S Code format. A program listing and a symbol table are also produced on the standard output. The current version of **crasm** can assemble programs for the **6800,** **6801,** **6803,** **6502,** **65C02,** and **Z80** processors. The full list is printed when you invoke **crasm** without arguments. ## OPTIONS - **-o** *codefile* Specify the name of the output file. No output file is produced without this option. - **-s** Disable warnings. - **-l** Disable program listing output. - **-x** Disable symbol table output. ## SYNTAX Each line of the assembly program should follow one of the following templates, where the brackets delimit optional parts. - **\[;***comment***\]**\ *label* **=** *expression* **\[;***comment***\]**\ **\[***label***\]** *mnemonic* *operand* **\[;***comment***\]** Comments are introduced by a semicolon (**;**) and extend to the end of the line. Labels are identifiers containing up to 36 alphanumeric characters (including period and underscore). Labels cannot start with a digit. The format of the mnemonics and operands field depends on the selected micro-processor. A few mnemonics are valid for all processors and are used to give directives to the assembled. These are known as "pseudo-mnemonics". ## Labels Labels are identifiers representing\ — an absolute address,\ — a relative address (position independent code),\ — a register,\ — a list of registers,\ — a specific bit at a specific address,\ — or a mnemonic. Most labels are composed of at most 36 alphanumeric characters, periods(**.**) or underscores(**\_**). Labels cannot start with a digit. They are case insensitive. Labels starting with a period(**.**) are local labels whose scope is either limited to the macro in which they are defined, or to the code segment delimited by the pseudo-mnemonics **CODE** or **DUMMY**. The predefined "star" label (**\***) represents the current program counter, that is to say, the address where the next assembly code instruction will be encoded. Other predefined labels include all pseudo-mnemonics, micro-processor specific mnemonics and register names. ## Constants The assembled recognizes numerical constants expressed in decimal, hexadecimal, octal, binary, or ascii. | | | | | --- | --- | --- | | **Type** | **Format** | **Examples** | | decimal | *dddd* | **1234**, **675**, **12**, **1**, but not **0.12**. | | hexadecimal | **$***dddd* | **$fd12**, **$2AC**, **$0**. | | | *dddd***H** | **03H**, **2da7H**, **0FC84H**, but not **FC84H**. | | | **0X***dddd* | **0x03**, **0x2AC**, **0Xfc84**. | | octal | *dddd***Q** | **377Q**, **012412Q**. | | binary | **%***dddd* | **%01110110**, **%1100**. | | | *dddd***B** | **01110110B**, **1100B**. | | | **0B***dddd* | **0b1100** | | ascii | **'***cccc***'** | **'a'**, **'AB'**, **'"'**, **'\\n'**, **'\\''**. | | | **"***cccc***"** | **"\\t"**, **"\\""**, **"a'b"**. | ## Expressions Like labels, expressions can represent an absolute address (*abs*), a relative address for position independent code (*rel*), a register (*reg*), or a list of registers (*reglist*), or a reference to a specific bit at a specific address (*bspec*). The following operators are recognized on expressions. | | | | | --- | --- | --- | | **Syntax** | **Result** | **Description** | | *abs***{***abs***}** | *bspec* | bit reference, e.g. **pia{3}** | | **ADDR(***abs***)** | *abs* | address from a bit reference | | **BIT(***abs***)** | *abs* | bit number from a bit reference | | **-** *abs* | *abs* | two's complement | | **~** *abs* | *abs* | one's complement | | *abs* **\<\<** *abs* | *abs* | left shift | | *abs* **\>\>** *abs* | *abs* | right shift | | *abs* **\|** *abs* | *abs* | bitwise or | | *abs* **&** *abs* | *abs* | bitwise and | | *abs* **^** *abs* | *abs* | bitwise xor | | *abs* **\*** *abs* | *abs* | multiplication | | *abs* **\*** *abs* | *abs* | division | | *abs* **+** *abs* | *abs* | addition | | *rel* **+** *abs* | *rel* | addition | | *abs* **-** *abs* | *abs* | subtraction | | *rel* **-** *abs* | *rel* | subtraction | | *rel* **-** *rel* | *abs* | subtraction | | *reg* **-** *reg* | *reglist* | register range | | *reglist* **\\** *reg* | *reglist* | register list | The table lists operators in order of decreasing precedence. Parenthesis can be used to avoid ambiguities. A warning is generated when an entire expression is surrounded with parenthesis and can be confused with a micro-processor addressing mode. Examples: - **(base+$12) \>\> 8 & 0xff00** \ **'A'-80H** \ **(base+0x12)** The last example causes a warning because the parenthesis were not necessary and might suggest a micro-processor addressing mode. All arithmetic expressions are evaluated on 32 bits. Arithmetic operations overflow silently. The arithmetic values are then truncated to the size implied by the micro-processor mnemonic. This truncation might cause a warning message. Examples: all the following instructions - (6502) **lda #$1234**\ (6800) **ldaa $1234,x**\ (Z80) **ld (ix+0C2H),b** cause a warning - **\>\>\> WARNING: Operand overflow** However expression - **$1123454 \* 1298992** overflows silently. ## Pseudo-mnemonics The following pseudo-mnemonics are always recognized. **CPU** *cpuname* Indicates the selected micro-processor type. This must appear before anu micro-processor specific instruction. The possible values of *cpuname* are listed when you invoke **crasm** without arguments. The current list includes **6800,** **6801,** **6803,** **6502,** **65C02,** and **Z80** **OUTPUT** *binformat* Indicates the format of the output file. Argument *binformat* can take values **SCODE** for producing an output file using Motorola's S code, or **HEX** for Intel's Hex format. The default depends on the selected micro-processor. **CODE** Delimit the scope of local labels and introduce a program section. - **DUMMY** Delimit the scope of local labels and introduce a fake program section whose sole effect is to define labels without generating code. *label* **EQU** *expression*\ *label* **=** *expression* Define the value of label *label*. Labels defined using these directives can be redefined later in the program. **\[***label***\] DB** *expression***\[,...,***expression***\]** Insert the specified data bytes (8 bits). **\[***label***\] DW** *expression***\[,...,***expression***\]** Insert the specified data words (16 bits). The byte ordering depends on the selected micro-processor. **\[***label***\] DL** *expression***\[,...,***expression***\]** Insert the specified data longs (32 bits). The byte ordering depends on the selected micro-processor. **\[***label***\] DDB** *expression***\[,...,***expression***\]** Insert the specified double bytes (16 bits). The byte ordering is the opposite of the usual byte ordering for the selected micro-processor. **\[***label***\] ASC** *stringconstant* Insert the ascii representation of the string *stringconstant .* The string must be delimited by double quotes. The C escape sequences **\\r**, **\\n**, **\\t**, **\\0**, **\\'**, **\\"**, and **\\\\** are recognized. **\[***label***\] DS** *countexpr***,\[***valexpr***\]** Insere *countexpr* bytes with value *valexpr*. The default value is zero. **\[***label***\] ALIGN EVEN**\ **\[***label***\] ALIGN ODD** Insert a null byte in order to make the program counter even or odd. **IF** *condexpr*\ \ ...\ **ELSE**\ \ ...\ **ENDC** Conditional assembly: If expression *condexpr* is non zero, process the lines located between the **IF** and the **ELSE** pseudo-mnemonics. Otherwise process the lines located between the **ELSE** and the **ENDC** pseudo-mnemonics. Conditional assembly instructions can be nested. The **ELSE** part can be omitted. *label* **MACRO**\ \ ...\ **ENDM**\ Define a new mnemonic *label* equivalent to all the instructions located between the **MACRO** and **ENDM** pseudo-mnemonics. Invocations of the macro can specify a list of comma separated operands. The character sequences **\\1**, **\\2**, ... **\\***N* in the macro definition are replaced by the supplied operands. The character sequence **\\0** is replaced by the number of supplied operands. **EXITM** This pseudo mnemonic can be used inside a macro definition to exit the macro. This is useful in conjunction with the conditional assembly pseudo-mnemonics. **INCLUDE** *filename* Force the assembler to process file named *filename* at the current point. **LIST ON**\ **LIST OFF** Enable or disable the production of a listing (default is on.) **CLIST ON**\ **CLIST OFF** Enable or disable the production of a listing for the non active branches of a conditional assembly construct (default is on.) **ILIST ON**\ **ILIST OFF** Enable or disable the production of a listing for included files (default is off.) **MLIST ON**\ **MLIST OFF** Enable or disable the production of a listing for the macro expansions (default is off.) **NAM** title Provide name *title* for the header of the listing pages. **PAGE** Start a new listing page. **PAGE** columns**,**rows Specify the size of a listing page. **SKIP** number Skip *number* lines. **FAIL** message Generate an error message *message*. ## EXAMPLE Here is a small 6502 program: - **cpu 6502**\ \ **cout = $fded ; display a character**\ \ **\* = $300 ; assemble at $300**\ \ **code**\ \ **pstring ldy #0**\ \ **.1 lda message,y**\ \ **beq .2**\ \ **jsr cout**\ \ **iny** \ \ **.2 bne .1**\ \ **rts**\ \ **message asc "This is the message "**\ \ **code** ## CREDITS Leon Bottou, September 1987.