--- name: "adduser" section: "8" platform: "linux" package: "adduser" version: "3.152" release: "Debian 13 (Trixie)" platforms: ["linux", "freebsd"] url: "https://new.carta.tech/adduser" --- # adduser(8) add or manipulate users or groups ## NAME adduser, addgroup - add or manipulate users or groups ## SYNOPSIS **adduser** \[**--add-extra-groups**\] \[**--allow-all-names**\] \[**--allow-bad-names**\] \[**--comment** *comment*\] \[**--conf** *file*\] \[**--debug**\] \[**--disabled-login**\] \[**--disabled-password**\] \[**--firstgid** *id*\] \[**--firstuid** *id*\] \[**--gid** *id*\] \[**--home** *dir*\] \[**--ingroup** *group*\] \[**--lastgid** *id*\] \[**--lastuid** *id*\] \[**--no-create-home**\] \[**--shell** *shell*\] \[**--quiet**\] \[**--uid** *id*\] \[**--verbose**\] \[**--stdoutmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--stderrmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--logmsglevel** *prio*\] **user** **adduser** **--system** \[**--comment** *comment*\] \[**--conf** *file*\] \[**--debug**\] \[**--gid** *id*\] \[**--group**\] \[**--home** *dir*\] \[**--ingroup** *group*\] \[**--no-create-home**\] \[**--shell** *shell*\] \[**--uid** *id*\] \[**--quiet**\] \[**--verbose**\] \[**--stdoutmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--stderrmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--logmsglevel** *prio*\] **user** **adduser** **--group** \[**--conf** *file*\] \[**--debug**\] \[**--firstgid** *id*\] \[**--gid** *ID*\] \[**--lastgid** *id*\] \[**--quiet**\] \[**--verbose**\] \[**--stdoutmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--stderrmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--logmsglevel** *prio*\] **group** **addgroup** \[**--conf** *file*\] \[**--debug**\] \[**--firstgid** *id*\] \[**--gid** *ID*\] \[**--lastgid** *id*\] \[**--quiet**\] \[**--verbose**\] \[**--stdoutmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--stderrmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--logmsglevel** *prio*\] **group** **addgroup** **--system** \[**--gid** *id*\] \[**--conf** *file*\] \[**--quiet**\] \[**--verbose**\] \[**--stdoutmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--stderrmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--logmsglevel** *prio*\] **group** **adduser** \[**--conf** *file*\] \[**--debug**\] \[**--quiet**\] \[**--verbose**\] \[**--stdoutmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--stderrmsglevel** *prio*\] \[**--logmsglevel** *prio*\] **user** **group** **adduser** **--help** **adduser** **--version** ## DESCRIPTION **adduser** and **addgroup** add users and groups to the system according to command line options and configuration information in */etc/adduser.conf*. They are more Debian specific front ends to the **useradd**, **groupadd** and **usermod** programs, which are more distribution agnostic. **adduser** and **addgroup** by default choose Debian policy conformant UID and GID values, create a home directory with skeletal configuration, run a custom script, and have other features. **adduser** and **addgroup** are intended as a policy layer, making it easier for package maintainers and local administrators to create local system accounts in the way Debian expects them to be created, taking the burden to adapt to the probably changing specifications of Debian policy. **adduser --system** takes special attention on just needing a single call in the package maintainer scripts without any conditional wrappers, error suppression or other scaffolding. **adduser** honors the distinction between *dynamically allocated system users and groups* and *dynamically allocated user accounts* that is documented in Debian Policy, Chapter 9.2.2. For a full list and explanations of all options, see the OPTIONS section. **adduser** and **addgroup** can be run in one of five modes: ### Add a regular (non-system) user If called with one non-option argument and without the **--system** or **--group** options, **adduser** will add a regular user, that means a *dynamically allocated user account* in the sense of Debian Policy. This is commonly referred to in **adduser** as a *non-system user.* **adduser** will choose the first available UID from the range specified by **FIRST\_UID** and **LAST\_UID** in the configuration file. The range may be overridden with the **--firstuid** and **--lastuid** options. Finally, the UID can be set fully manually with the **--uid** option. By default, each user is given a corresponding group with the same name. This is commonly called *Usergroups* and allows group writable directories to be easily maintained by placing the appropriate users in the new group, setting the set-group-ID bit in the directory, and ensuring that all users use a umask of 002. For a usergroup, **adduser** will choose the first available GID from the range specified by **FIRST\_GID** and **LAST\_GID** in the configuration file. The range may be overridden with the **--firstgid** and **--lastgid** options. Finally, the GID can be set fully manually with the **--gid** option. The interaction between **USERS\_GID**, **USERS\_GROUP**, and **USERGROUPS** is explained in detail in [**adduser.conf**(5)](/adduser.conf/5.md). The new user's primary group can also be overridden from the command line with the **--gid** or **--ingroup** options to set the group by id or name, respectively. Also, users can be added to one or more supplemental groups defined as **EXTRA\_GROUPS** either by setting **ADD\_EXTRA\_GROUPS** to 1 in the configuration file, or by passing **--add-extra-groups** on the command line. **adduser** will copy files from */etc/skel* into the home directory and prompt for the comment field and a password if those functions have not been turned off / overridden from the command line. UID, comment, home directory and shell might be pre-determined with the **UID\_POOL** and **GID\_POOL** option, documented in [**adduser.conf**(5)](/adduser.conf/5.md). ### Add a system user If called with one non-option argument and the **--system** option, **adduser** will add a *dynamically allocated system user,* often abbreviated as *system user* in the context of the **adduser** package. **adduser** will choose the first available UID from the range specified by **FIRST\_SYSTEM\_UID** and **LAST\_SYSTEM\_UID** in the configuration file. This can be overridden with the **--uid** option. By default, system users are assigned **nogroup** as primary group. To assign an already existing group as primary group, use the **--gid** or **--ingroup** options. If the **--group** option is given and the identically named group does not already exist, it is created with the same ID. If no home directory is specified, the default home directory for a new system user is */nonexistent*. This directory should never exist on any Debian system, and **adduser** will never create it automatically. If a home directory is specified with the **--home** option, and the directory does already exist (for example, if the package ships with files in that directory), **adduser** silently does not set the owner of the directory to the newly created user. Setting the owner might override a decision of the local admin, and reporting the fact would break **adduser**'s silence during package installation. If you use **adduser --home** in your package's maintainer scripts, you might want to issue an explicit recursive **chown** for the home directory after the call to **adduser**. Unless a shell is explicitly set with the **--shell** option, the new system user will have the shell set to */usr/sbin/nologin*. **adduser --system** does not set a password for the new account. Skeletal configuration files are not copied. Other options will behave as for the creation of a regular user. The files referenced by **UID\_POOL** and **GID\_POOL** are also honored. ### Add a group If **adduser** is called with the **--group** option and without the **--system** option, or **addgroup** is called respectively, a user group will be added. A *dynamically allocated system group,* often abbreviated as *system group* in the context of the **adduser** package, will be created if **adduser --group** or **addgroup** are called with the **--system** option. A GID will be chosen from the respective range specified for GIDs in the configuration file (**FIRST\_GID**, **LAST\_GID**, **FIRST\_SYSTEM\_GID**, **LAST\_SYSTEM\_GID**). To override that mechanism, you can give the GID using the **--gid** option. For non-system groups, the range specified in the configuration file may be overridden with the **--firstgid** and **--lastgid** options. The group is created with no members. ### Add an existing user to an existing group If called with two non-option arguments, **adduser** will add an existing user to an existing group. ## OPTIONS Different modes of **adduser** allow different options. If no valid modes are listed for a option, it is accepted in all modes. Short versions for certain options may exist for historical reasons. They are going to stay supported, but are removed from the documentation. Users are advised to migrate to the long version of options. - **--add-extra-groups** Add new user to extra groups defined in the configuration files' **EXTRA\_GROUPS** setting. The old spelling **--add\_extra\_groups** is deprecated and will be supported in Debian bookworm only. Valid modes: **adduser**, **adduser --system**. - **--allow-all-names** Allow any user- and groupname which is supported by the underlying [**useradd**(8)](/useradd/8.md). See VALID NAMES below. Valid modes: **adduser**, **adduser --system**, **addgroup**, **addgroup --system**. - **--allow-bad-names** Disable **NAME\_REGEX** and **SYS\_NAME\_REGEX** check of names. Only a weaker check for validity of the name is applied. See VALID NAMES below. Valid modes: **adduser**, **adduser --system**, **addgroup**, **addgroup --system**. - **--comment** *comment* Set the comment field for the new entry generated. **adduser** will not ask for the information if this option is given. This field is also known under the name GECOS field and contains information that is used by the [**finger**(1)](/finger/1.md) command. This used to be the **--gecos** option, which is deprecated and will be removed after Debian bookworm. Valid modes: **adduser**, **adduser --system**. - **--conf** *file* Use *file* instead of */etc/adduser.conf*. Multiple **--conf** options can be given. - **--debug** Synonymous to **--stdoutmsglevel=debug.** Deprecated. - **--disabled-login** **--disabled-password** Do not run [**passwd**(1)](/passwd/1.md) to set a password. In most situations, logins are still possible though (for example using SSH keys or through PAM) for reasons that are beyond **adduser**'s scope. **--disabled-login** will additionally set the shell to */usr/sbin/nologin*. Valid mode: **adduser**. - **--firstuid** *ID* **--lastuid** *ID* **--firstgid** *ID* **--lastgid** *ID* Override the first UID / last UID / first GID / last GID in the range that the uid is chosen from (**FIRST\_UID**, **LAST\_UID**, **FIRST\_GID** and **LAST\_GID**, **FIRST\_SYSTEM\_UID**, **LAST\_SYSTEM\_UID**, **FIRST\_SYSTEM\_GID** and **LAST\_SYSTEM\_GID** in the configuration file). If a group is created as a usergroup, **--firstgid** and **--lastgid** are ignored. The group gets the same ID as the user. Valid modes: **adduser**, **adduser --system**, for **--firstgid** and **--lastgid** also **addgroup**. - **--force-badname** **--allow-badname** These are the deprecated forms of **--allow-bad-names**. They will be removed during the release cycle of Debian 13. - **--gid** *GID* When creating a group, this option sets the group ID number of the new group to *GID*. When creating a user, this option sets the primary group ID number of the new user to *GID*. Valid modes: **adduser**, **adduser --system**, **addgroup**, **addgroup --system**. - **--group** Using this option in **adduser --system** indicates that the new user should get an identically named group as its primary group. If that identically named group is not already present, it is created. If not combined with **--system**, a group with the given name is created. The latter is the default action if the program is invoked as **addgroup**. Valid modes: **adduser --system**, **addgroup**, **addgroup --system**. - **--help** Display brief instructions. - **--home** *dir* Use *dir* as the user's home directory, rather than the default specified by the configuration file (or */nonexistent* if **adduser --system** is used). If the directory does not exist, it is created. Valid modes: **adduser**, **adduser --system**. - **--ingroup** *GROUP* When creating a user, this option sets the primary group ID number of the new user to the GID of the named group. Unlike with the **--gid** option, the group is specified here by name rather than by numeric ID number. The group must already exist. Valid modes: **adduser**, **adduser --system**. - **--lastuid** *ID* **--lastgid** *ID* Override the last UID / last GID. See **--firstuid**. - **--no-create-home** Do not create a home directory for the new user. Note that the pathname for the new user's home directory will still be entered in the appropriate field in the */etc/passwd* file. The use of this option does not imply that this field should be empty. Rather, it indicates to **adduser** that some other mechanism will be responsible for initializing the new user's home directory. Valid modes: **adduser**, **adduser --system**. - **--quiet** Synonymous to **--stdoutmsglevel=warn.** Deprecated. - **--shell** *shell* Use *shell* as the user's login shell, rather than the default specified by the configuration file (or */usr/sbin/nologin* if **adduser --system** is used). Valid modes: **adduser**, **adduser --system**. - **--system** Normally, **adduser** creates *dynamically allocated user accounts and groups* as defined in Debian Policy, Chapter 9.2.2. With this option, **adduser** creates a *dynamically allocated system user and group* and changes its mode respectively. Valid modes: **adduser**, **addgroup**. - **--uid** *ID* Force the new userid to be the given number. **adduser** will fail if the userid is already taken. Valid modes: **adduser**, **adduser --system**. - **--verbose** Synonymous to **--stdoutmsglevel=info.** Deprecated. - **--stdoutmsglevel** *prio* **--stderrmsglevel** *prio* **--logmsglevel** *prio* Minimum priority for messages logged to syslog/journal and the console, respectively. Values are *trace*, *debug*, *info*, *warn*, *err*, and *fatal*. Messages with the priority set here or higher get printed to the respective medium. Messages printed to stderr are not repeated on stdout. That allows the local admin to control **adduser**'s chattiness on the console and in the log independently, keeping probably confusing information to itself while still leaving helpful information in the log. stdoutmsglevel, stderrmsglevel, and logmsglevel default to warn, warn, info, respectively. - **-v** , **--version** Display version and copyright information. ## VALID NAMES Historically, [**adduser**(8)](/adduser/8.md) and [**addgroup**(8)](/addgroup/8.md) enforced conformity to IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, which allows only the following characters to appear in group- and usernames: letters, digits, underscores, periods, at signs (@) and dashes. The name may not start with a dash or @. The "$" sign is allowed at the end of usernames to allow typical Samba machine accounts. The default settings for **NAME\_REGEX** and **SYS\_NAME\_REGEX** allow usernames to contain letters and digits, plus dash (-) and underscore (\_); the name must begin with a letter (or an underscore for system users). The least restrictive policy, available by using the **--allow-all-names** option, simply makes the same checks as [**useradd**(8)](/useradd/8.md). Please note that useradd's checks have become quite a bit more restrictive in Debian 13. Changing the default behavior can be used to create confusing or misleading names; use with caution. ## LOGGING **Adduser** uses extensive and configurable logging to tailor its verbosity to the needs of the system administrator. Every message that **adduser** prints has a priority value assigned by the authors. This priority can not be changed at run time. Available priority values are **crit**, **error**, **warning**, **info**, **debug**, and **trace**. If you find that a message has the wrong priority, please file a bug. Every time a message is generated, the code decides whether to print the message to standard output, standard error, or syslog. This is mainly and independently controlled by the configuration settings **STDOUTMSGLEVEL**, **STDERRMSGLEVEL**, and **LOGMSGLEVEL**. For testing purposes, these settings can be overridden on the command line. Only messages with a priority higher or equal to the respective message level are logged to the respective output medium. A message that was written to standard error is not written a second time to standard output. ## EXIT VALUES - **0** Success: The user or group exists as specified. This can have 2 causes: The user or group was created by this call to **adduser** or the user or group was already present on the system as specified before **adduser** was invoked. If **adduser --system** is invoked for a user already existing with the requested or compatible attributes, it will also return 0. - **11** The object that **adduser** was asked to create does already exist. - **12** The object that **adduser** or **deluser** was asked to operate on does not exist. - **13** The object that **adduser** or **deluser** was asked to operate on does not have the properties that are required to complete the operation: A user (a group) that was requested to be created as a system user (group) does already exist and is not a system user (group), or a user (group) that was requested to be created with a certain UID (GID) does already exist and has a different UID (GID), or a system user (group) that was requested to be deleted does exist, but is not a system user (group). - **21** The UID (GID) that was explicitly requested for a new user (group) is already in use. - **22** There is no available UID (GID) in the requested range. - **23** There is no group with the requested GID for the primary group for a new user. - **31** The chosen name for a new user or a new group does not conform to the selected naming rules. - **32** The home directory of a new user must be an absolute path. - **33** useradd returned exit code 19 "invalid user or group name". That means the user or group name chosen does not fit useradd's restrictions and adduser cannot create the user. - **41** The group that was requested to be deleted is not empty. - **42** The user that was requested to be removed from a group is not a member in the first place. - **43** It is not possible to remove a user from its primary group, or no primary group selected for a new user by any method. - **51** Incorrect number or order of command line parameters detected. - **52** Incompatible options set in configuration file. - **53** Mutually incompatible command line options detected. - **54** **adduser** and **deluser** invoked as non-root and thus cannot work. - **55** **deluser** will refuse to delete the *root* account. - **56** A function was requested that needs more packages to be installed. See Recommends: and Suggests: of the adduser package. - **61** **Adduser** was aborted for some reason and tried to roll back the changes that were done during execution. - **62** Internal **adduser** error. This should not happen. Please try to reproduce the issue and file a bug report. - **71** Error creating and handling the lock. - **72** Error accessing the configuration file(s). - **73** Error accessing a pool file. - **74** Error reading a pool file, syntax error in file. - **75** Error accessing auxiliary files. - **81** An executable that is needed by **adduser** or **deluser** cannot be found. Check your installation and dependencies. - **82** Executing an external command returned some unexpected error. - **83** An external command was terminated with a signal. - **84** A syscall terminated with unexpected error. Or for many other yet undocumented reasons which are printed to console then. You may then consider to increase a log level to make **adduser** more verbose. ## SECURITY **adduser** needs root privileges and offers, via the **--conf** command line option to use different configuration files. Do not use [**sudo**(8)](/sudo/8.md) or similar tools to give partial privileges to **adduser** with restricted command line parameters. This is easy to circumvent and might allow users to create arbitrary accounts. If you want this, consider writing your own wrapper script and giving privileges to execute that script. ## FILES - */etc/adduser.conf* Default configuration file for [**adduser**(8)](/adduser/8.md) and [**addgroup**(8)](/addgroup/8.md) - */usr/local/sbin/adduser.local* Optional custom add-ons, see [**adduser.local**(8)](/adduser.local/8.md) ## NOTES Unfortunately, the term *system account* suffers from double use in Debian. It both means an account for the actual Debian system, distinguishing itself from an *application account* which might exist in the user database of some application running on Debian. A *system account* in this definition has the potential to log in to the actual system, has a UID, can be member in system groups, can own files and processes. Debian Policy, au contraire, in its Chapter 9.2.2, makes a distinguishment of *dynamically allocated system users and groups* and *dynamically allocated user accounts*, meaning in both cases special instances of *system accounts*. Care must be taken to not confuse this terminology. Since **adduser** and [**deluser**(8)](/deluser/8.md) never address *application accounts* and everything in this package concerns *system accounts* here, the usage of the terms *user account* and *system account* is actually not ambiguous in the context of this package. For clarity, this document uses the definition *local system account or group* if the distinction to *application accounts* or accounts managed in a directory service is needed. **adduser** used to have the vision to be the universal front end to the various directory services for creation and deletion of regular and system accounts in Debian since the 1990ies. This vision has been abandoned as of 2022. The rationale behind this includes: that in practice, a small server system is not going to have write access to an enterprise-wide directory service anyway, that locally installed packages are hard to manage with centrally controlled system accounts, that enterprise directory services have their own management processes anyway and that the personpower of the **adduser** team is unlikely to be ever strong enough to write and maintain support for the plethora of directory services that need support. **adduser** will constrict itself to being a policy layer for the management of local system accounts, using the tools from the **passwd** package for the actual work. ## BUGS Inconsistent use of terminology around the term *system account* in docs and code is a bug. Please report this and allow us to improve our docs. **adduser** takes special attention to be directly usable in Debian maintainer scripts without conditional wrappers, error suppression and other scaffolding. The only thing that the package maintainer should need to code is a check for the presence of the executable in the postrm script. The **adduser** maintainers consider the need for additional scaffolding a bug and encourage their fellow Debian package maintainers to file bugs against the **adduser** package in this case. ## SEE ALSO [**adduser.conf**(5)](/adduser.conf/5.md), [**deluser**(8)](/deluser/8.md), [**groupadd**(8)](/groupadd/8.md), [**useradd**(8)](/useradd/8.md), [**usermod**(8)](/usermod/8.md), **/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html** on any Debian system, Debian Policy 9.2.2, RFC8264 "PRECIS Framework: Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of Internationalized Strings in Application Protocols", RFC8265 "PRECIS Representing Usernames and Passwords", https://wiki.debian.org/UserAccounts.