--- name: "I18N::LangTags::List" section: "3pm" platform: "linux" package: "libi18n-langtags-perl" version: "0.27-1" release: "Debian 3.0 (Woody)" platforms: ["linux"] url: "https://new.carta.tech/I18N::LangTags::List/3pm" --- # I18N::LangTags::List(3pm) ## NAME I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages ## SYNOPSIS ``` use I18N::LangTags::List; print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ', I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') ⎪⎪ 'unknown_language', I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') ⎪⎪ 'unknown_language', I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') ⎪⎪ 'unknown_language', I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') ⎪⎪ 'unknown_language', ), "?\n"; ``` prints: ``` Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English? ``` ## DESCRIPTION This module provides a function `"I18N::LangTags::List::name( `*langtag*` ) "` that takes a language tag (see I18N::LangTags) and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or undef if it can't make sense of the tag. The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported. The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessable as `%I18N::LangTags::List::Name`, and it's the same as the list that follows in this documentation, which should be useful to you even if you don't use this module. ## ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a formalism for denoting human languages. The two-letter ISO 639-1 language codes are well known (as "en" for English), as are their forms when qualified by a country code ("en-US"). Less well-known are the arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like "i-mingo"), and the recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes. Remember these important facts: - • Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale ID is written with a "\_" instead of a "-", (almost?) always matches `"m/^\w\w_\w\w\b/"`, and *means* something different than a language tag. A language tag denotes a language. A locale ID denotes a language *as used in* a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic location-specific information such as what currency is used there. Locales *also* often denote character set information, as in "en\_US.ISO8859-1". - • Language tags are not for computer languages. - • "Dialect" is not a useful term, since there is no objective criterion for establishing when two language-forms are dialects of eachother, or are separate languages. - • Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc., are all the same tag, and denote the same language. - • Not every language tag really refers to a single language. Some language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined language). Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as with cus "Cushitic (Other)" (i.e., a language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent sai for "South American Indian (Other)". Though useful in bibliography, **SUCH TAGS ARE NOT** **FOR GENERAL USE**. For further guidance, email me. - • Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they are often distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and ISO 3166 country code `".jp"` for Japan. ## LIST OF LANGUAGES The first part of each item is the language tag, between {...}. It is followed by an English name for the language or language-group. Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed. This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language. - {ab} : Abkhazian eq Abkhaz - {ace} : Achinese - {ach} : Acoli - {ada} : Adangme - {aa} : Afar - {afh} : Afrihili (Artificial) - {af} : Afrikaans - \[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)\] - {aka} : Akan - {akk} : Akkadian (Historical) - {sq} : Albanian - {ale} : Aleut - \[{alg} : Algonquian languages\] NOT Algonquin! - \[{tut} : Altaic (Other)\] - {am} : Amharic NOT Aramaic! - {i-ami} : Ami eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca. - \[{apa} : Apache languages\] - {ar} : Arabic Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {ar-ae} UAE Arabic; {ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic; {ar-dz} Algerian Arabic; {ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic; {ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic; {ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic; {ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic; {ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic; {ar-ly} Libyan Arabic; {ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic; {ar-om} Omani Arabic; {ar-qa} Qatari Arabic; {ar-sa} Sauda Arabic; {ar-sy} Syrian Arabic; {ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic; {ar-ye} Yemen Arabic. - {arc} : Aramaic NOT Amharic! NOT Samaritan Aramaic! - {arp} : Arapaho - {arn} : Araucanian - {arw} : Arawak - {hy} : Armenian - \[{art} : Artificial (Other)\] - {as} : Assamese - \[{ath} : Athapascan languages\] eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan. - \[{aus} : Australian languages\] - \[{map} : Austronesian (Other)\] - {ava} : Avaric - {ae} : Avestan eq Zend - {awa} : Awadhi - {ay} : Aymara - {az} : Azerbaijani eq Azeri - {ban} : Balinese - \[{bat} : Baltic (Other)\] - {bal} : Baluchi - {bam} : Bambara - \[{bai} : Bamileke languages\] - {bad} : Banda - \[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)\] - {bas} : Basa - {ba} : Bashkir - {eu} : Basque - {btk} : Batak (Indonesia) - {bej} : Beja - {be} : Belarusian eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian. eq Belorussian. eq Byelorussian. eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian. NOT Ruthenian! - {bem} : Bemba - {bn} : Bengali eq Bangla. - \[{ber} : Berber (Other)\] - {bho} : Bhojpuri - {bh} : Bihari - {bik} : Bikol - {bin} : Bini - {bi} : Bislama eq Bichelamar. - {bs} : Bosnian - {bra} : Braj - {br} : Breton - {bug} : Buginese - {bg} : Bulgarian - {i-bnn} : Bunun - {bua} : Buriat - {my} : Burmese - {cad} : Caddo - {car} : Carib - {ca} : Catalan eq Catalan. eq Catalonian. - \[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)\] - {ceb} : Cebuano - \[{cel} : Celtic (Other)\] Notable forms: {cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical) - \[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)\] - {chg} : Chagatai (Historical?) - \[{cmc} : Chamic languages\] - {ch} : Chamorro - {ce} : Chechen - {chr} : Cherokee eq Tsalagi - {chy} : Cheyenne - {chb} : Chibcha (Historical) NOT Chibchan (which is a language family). - {ny} : Chichewa eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja. - {zh} : Chinese Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable subforms: {zh-cn} PRC Chinese; {zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese; {zh-mo} Macau Chinese; {zh-sg} Singapore Chinese; {zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese; {zh-guoyu} Mandarin \[Putonghua/Guoyu\]; {zh-hakka} Hakka \[formerly i-hakka\]; {zh-min} Hokkien; {zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien; {zh-wuu} Shanghaiese; {zh-xiang} Hunanese; {zh-gan} Gan; {zh-yue} Cantonese. - {chn} : Chinook Jargon eq Chinook Wawa. - {chp} : Chipewyan - {cho} : Choctaw - {cu} : Church Slavic eq Old Church Slavonic. - {chk} : Chuukese eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk. - {cv} : Chuvash - {cop} : Coptic - {kw} : Cornish - {co} : Corsican eq Corse. - {cre} : Cree NOT Creek! - {mus} : Creek NOT Cree! - \[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)\] - \[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)\] - \[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)\] - \[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)\] - {hr} : Croatian eq Croat. - \[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)\] - {cs} : Czech - {dak} : Dakota eq Nakota. eq Latoka. - {da} : Danish - {day} : Dayak - {i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language Defined in RFC 2277, this is for tagging text (which must include English text, and might/should include text in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context where language-negotiation wasn't possible -- in SMTP mail failure messages, for example. - {del} : Delaware - {din} : Dinka - {div} : Divehi - {doi} : Dogri NOT Dogrib! - {dgr} : Dogrib NOT Dogri! - \[{dra} : Dravidian (Other)\] - {dua} : Duala - {nl} : Dutch eq Netherlander. Notable forms: {nl-nl} Netherlands Dutch; {nl-be} Belgian Dutch. - {dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350) (Historical) - {dyu} : Dyula - {dz} : Dzongkha - {efi} : Efik - {egy} : Ancient Egyptian (Historical) - {eka} : Ekajuk - {elx} : Elamite (Historical) - {en} : English Notable forms: {en-au} Australian English; {en-bz} Belize English; {en-ca} Canadian English; {en-gb} UK English; {en-ie} Irish English; {en-jm} Jamaican English; {en-nz} New Zealand English; {en-ph} Philippine English; {en-tt} Trinidad English; {en-us} US English; {en-za} South African English; {en-zw} Zimbabwe English. - {enm} : Old English (1100-1500) (Historical) - {ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100) eq Anglo-Saxon. (Historical) - {eo} : Esperanto (Artificial) - {et} : Estonian - {ewe} : Ewe - {ewo} : Ewondo - {fan} : Fang - {fat} : Fanti - {fo} : Faroese - {fj} : Fijian - {fi} : Finnish - \[{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)\] eq Finno-Ugric. NOT Ugaritic! - {fon} : Fon - {fr} : French Notable forms: {fr-fr} France French; {fr-be} Belgian French; {fr-ca} Canadian French; {fr-ch} Swiss French; {fr-lu} Luxembourg French; {fr-mc} Monaco French. - {frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600) (Historical) - {fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400) (Historical) - {fy} : Frisian - {fur} : Friulian - {ful} : Fulah - {gaa} : Ga - {gd} : Scots Gaelic NOT Scots! - {gl} : Gallegan eq Galician - {lug} : Ganda - {gay} : Gayo - {gba} : Gbaya - {gez} : Geez eq Ge'ez - {ka} : Georgian - {de} : German Notable forms: {de-at} Austrian German; {de-be} Belgian German; {de-ch} Swiss German; {de-de} Germany German; {de-li} Liechtenstein German; {de-lu} Luxembourg German. - {gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500) (Historical) - {goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050) (Historical) - \[{gem} : Germanic (Other)\] - {gil} : Gilbertese - {gon} : Gondi - {gor} : Gorontalo - {got} : Gothic (Historical) - {grb} : Grebo - {grc} : Ancient Greek (Historical) (Until 15th century or so.) - {el} : Modern Greek (Since 15th century or so.) - {gn} : Guarani Guarani - {gu} : Gujarati - {gwi} : Gwich'in eq Gwichin - {hai} : Haida - {ha} : Hausa - {haw} : Hawaiian Hawai'ian - {he} : Hebrew (Formerly "iw".) - {hz} : Herero - {hil} : Hiligaynon - {him} : Himachali - {hi} : Hindi - {ho} : Hiri Motu - {hit} : Hittite (Historical) - {hmn} : Hmong - {hu} : Hungarian - {hup} : Hupa - {iba} : Iban - {is} : Icelandic - {ibo} : Igbo - {ijo} : Ijo - {ilo} : Iloko - \[{inc} : Indic (Other)\] - \[{ine} : Indo-European (Other)\] - {id} : Indonesian (Formerly "in".) - {ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) (Artificial) NOT Interlingue! - {ie} : Interlingue (Artificial) NOT Interlingua! - {iu} : Inuktitut A subform of "Eskimo". - {ik} : Inupiaq A subform of "Eskimo". - \[{ira} : Iranian (Other)\] - {ga} : Irish - {mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200) (Historical) - {sga} : Old Irish (to 900) (Historical) - \[{iro} : Iroquoian languages\] - {it} : Italian Notable forms: {it-it} Italy Italian; {it-ch} Swiss Italian. - {ja} : Japanese (NOT "jp"!) - {jw} : Javanese - {jrb} : Judeo-Arabic - {jpr} : Judeo-Persian - {kab} : Kabyle - {kac} : Kachin - {kl} : Kalaallisut eq Greenlandic "Eskimo" - {kam} : Kamba - {kn} : Kannada eq Kanarese. NOT Canadian! - {kau} : Kanuri - {kaa} : Kara-Kalpak - {kar} : Karen - {ks} : Kashmiri - {kaw} : Kawi - {kk} : Kazakh - {kha} : Khasi - {km} : Khmer eq Cambodian. eq Kampuchean. - \[{khi} : Khoisan (Other)\] - {kho} : Khotanese - {ki} : Kikuyu eq Gikuyu. - {kmb} : Kimbundu - {rw} : Kinyarwanda - {ky} : Kirghiz - {i-klingon} : Klingon - {kv} : Komi - {kon} : Kongo - {kok} : Konkani - {ko} : Korean - {kos} : Kosraean - {kpe} : Kpelle - {kro} : Kru - {kj} : Kuanyama - {kum} : Kumyk - {ku} : Kurdish - {kru} : Kurukh - {kut} : Kutenai - {lad} : Ladino eq Judeo-Spanish. NOT Ladin (a minority language in Italy). - {lah} : Lahnda NOT Lamba! - {lam} : Lamba NOT Lahnda! - {lo} : Lao eq Laotian. - {la} : Latin (Historical) NOT Ladin! NOT Ladino! - {lv} : Latvian eq Lettish. - {lb} : Letzeburgesch eq Luxemburgian, eq Luxemburger. (Formerly i-lux.) - {lez} : Lezghian - {ln} : Lingala - {lt} : Lithuanian - {nds} : Low German eq Low Saxon. eq Low German. eq Low Saxon. - {loz} : Lozi - {lub} : Luba-Katanga - {lua} : Luba-Lulua - {lui} : Luiseno eq Luisen~o. - {lun} : Lunda - {luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania) - {lus} : Lushai - {mk} : Macedonian eq the modern Slavic language spoken in what was Yugoslavia. NOT the form of Greek spoken in Greek Macedonia! - {mad} : Madurese - {mag} : Magahi - {mai} : Maithili - {mak} : Makasar - {mg} : Malagasy - {ms} : Malay NOT Malayalam! - {ml} : Malayalam NOT Malay! - {mt} : Maltese - {mnc} : Manchu - {mdr} : Mandar NOT Mandarin! - {man} : Mandingo - {mni} : Manipuri eq Meithei. - \[{mno} : Manobo languages\] - {gv} : Manx - {mi} : Maori NOT Mari! - {mr} : Marathi - {chm} : Mari NOT Maori! - {mh} : Marshall eq Marshallese. - {mwr} : Marwari - {mas} : Masai - \[{myn} : Mayan languages\] - {men} : Mende - {mic} : Micmac - {min} : Minangkabau - {i-mingo} : Mingo eq the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca. NOT New York Seneca! - \[{mis} : Miscellaneous languages\] Don't use this. - {moh} : Mohawk - {mo} : Moldavian eq Moldovan. - \[{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)\] - {lol} : Mongo - {mn} : Mongolian eq Mongol. - {mos} : Mossi - \[{mul} : Multiple languages\] Not for normal use. - \[{mun} : Munda languages\] - {nah} : Nahuatl - {na} : Nauru - {nv} : Navajo eq Navaho. (Formerly i-navajo.) - {nd} : North Ndebele - {nr} : South Ndebele - {ng} : Ndonga - {ne} : Nepali eq Nepalese. Notable forms: {ne-np} Nepal Nepali; {ne-in} India Nepali. - {new} : Newari - {nia} : Nias - \[{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)\] - \[{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)\] - {niu} : Niuean - {non} : Old Norse (Historical) - \[{nai} : North American Indian\] Do not use this. - {se} : Northern Sami eq Lappish. eq Lapp. eq (Northern) Saami. - {no} : Norwegian Note the two following forms: - {nb} : Norwegian Bokmal eq Bokmaal, (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly no-bok.) - {nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly no-nyn.) - \[{nub} : Nubian languages\] - {nym} : Nyamwezi - {nyn} : Nyankole - {nyo} : Nyoro - {nzi} : Nzima - {oc} : Occitan (post 1500) eq Provencal, eq Provencal - {oji} : Ojibwa eq Ojibwe. - {or} : Oriya - {om} : Oromo - {osa} : Osage - {os} : Ossetian; Ossetic - \[{oto} : Otomian languages\] Group of languages collectively called "Otomi". - {pal} : Pahlavi eq Pahlevi - {i-pwn} : Paiwan eq Pariwan - {pau} : Palauan - {pi} : Pali (Historical?) - {pam} : Pampanga - {pag} : Pangasinan - {pa} : Panjabi eq Punjabi - {pap} : Papiamento eq Papiamentu. - \[{paa} : Papuan (Other)\] - {fa} : Persian eq Farsi. eq Iranian. - {peo} : Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.) - \[{phi} : Philippine (Other)\] - {phn} : Phoenician (Historical) - {pon} : Pohnpeian NOT Pompeiian! - {pl} : Polish - {pt} : Portuguese eq Portugese. Notable forms: {pt-pt} Portugal Portuguese; {pt-br} Brazilian Portuguese. - \[{pra} : Prakrit languages\] - {pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500) eq Old Provencal. (Historical.) - {ps} : Pushto eq Pashto. eq Pushtu. - {qu} : Quechua eq Quecha. - {rm} : Raeto-Romance eq Romansh. - {raj} : Rajasthani - {rap} : Rapanui - {rar} : Rarotongan - \[{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.\] - \[{roa} : Romance (Other)\] NOT Romanian! NOT Romany! NOT Romansh! - {ro} : Romanian eq Rumanian. NOT Romany! - {rom} : Romany eq Rom. NOT Romanian! - {rn} : Rundi - {ru} : Russian NOT White Russian! NOT Rusyn! - \[{sal} : Salishan languages\] Large language group. - {sam} : Samaritan Aramaic NOT Aramaic! - \[{smi} : Sami languages (Other)\] - {sm} : Samoan - {sad} : Sandawe - {sg} : Sango - {sa} : Sanskrit (Historical) - {sat} : Santali - {sc} : Sardinian eq Sard. - {sas} : Sasak - {sco} : Scots NOT Scots Gaelic! - {sel} : Selkup - \[{sem} : Semitic (Other)\] - {sr} : Serbian eq Serb. NOT Sorbian. - {srr} : Serer - {shn} : Shan - {sn} : Shona - {sid} : Sidamo - {sgn-...} : Sign Languages Always use with a subtag. Notable forms: {sgn-gb} British Sign Language (BSL); {sgn-ie} Irish Sign Language (ESL); {sgn-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN); {sgn-us} American Sign Language (ASL). - {bla} : Siksika eq Blackfoot. eq Pikanii. - {sd} : Sindhi - {si} : Sinhalese eq Sinhala. - \[{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)\] - \[{sio} : Siouan languages\] - {den} : Slave (Athapascan) ("Slavey" is a subform.) - \[{sla} : Slavic (Other)\] - {sk} : Slovak eq Slovakian. - {sl} : Slovenian eq Slovene. - {sog} : Sogdian - {so} : Somali - {son} : Songhai - {snk} : Soninke - {wen} : Sorbian languages eq Wendish. eq Sorb. eq Lusatian. eq Wend. NOT Venda! NOT Serbian! - {nso} : Northern Sotho - {st} : Southern Sotho eq Sutu. eq Sesotho. - \[{sai} : South American Indian (Other)\] - {es} : Spanish Notable forms: {es-ar} Argentine Spanish; {es-bo} Bolivian Spanish; {es-cl} Chilean Spanish; {es-co} Colombian Spanish; {es-do} Dominican Spanish; {es-ec} Ecuadorian Spanish; {es-es} Spain Spanish; {es-gt} Guatemalan Spanish; {es-hn} Honduran Spanish; {es-mx} Mexican Spanish; {es-pa} Panamanian Spanish; {es-pe} Peruvian Spanish; {es-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish; {es-py} Paraguay Spanish; {es-sv} Salvadoran Spanish; {es-us} US Spanish; {es-uy} Uruguayan Spanish; {es-ve} Venezuelan Spanish. - {suk} : Sukuma - {sux} : Sumerian (Historical) - {su} : Sundanese - {sus} : Susu - {sw} : Swahili eq Kiswahili - {ss} : Swati - {sv} : Swedish Notable forms: {sv-se} Sweden Swedish; {sv-fi} Finland Swedish. - {syr} : Syriac - {tl} : Tagalog - {ty} : Tahitian - \[{tai} : Tai (Other)\] NOT Thai! - {tg} : Tajik - {tmh} : Tamashek - {ta} : Tamil - {i-tao} : Tao eq Yami. - {tt} : Tatar - {i-tay} : Tayal eq Atayal. eq Atayan. - {te} : Telugu - {ter} : Tereno - {tet} : Tetum - {th} : Thai NOT Tai! - {bo} : Tibetan - {tig} : Tigre - {ti} : Tigrinya - {tem} : Timne eq Themne. eq Timene. - {tiv} : Tiv - {tli} : Tlingit - {tpi} : Tok Pisin - {tkl} : Tokelau - {tog} : Tonga (Nyasa) NOT Tsonga! - {to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands) (Pronounced "Tong-a", not "Tong-ga") NOT Tsonga! - {tsi} : Tsimshian eq Sm'algyax - {ts} : Tsonga NOT Tonga! - {i-tsu} : Tsou - {tn} : Tswana Same as Setswana. - {tum} : Tumbuka - {tr} : Turkish (Typically in Roman script) - {ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928) (Typically in Arabic script) (Historical) - {tk} : Turkmen eq Turkmeni. - {tvl} : Tuvalu - {tyv} : Tuvinian eq Tuvan. eq Tuvin. - {tw} : Twi - {uga} : Ugaritic NOT Ugric! - {ug} : Uighur - {uk} : Ukrainian - {umb} : Umbundu - {und} : Undetermined Not a tag for normal use. - {ur} : Urdu - {uz} : Uzbek eq Oezbek - {vai} : Vai - {ven} : Venda NOT Wendish! NOT Wend! NOT Avestan! - {vi} : Vietnamese eq Viet. - {vo} : Volapuk eq Volapuek. (Artificial) - {vot} : Votic eq Votian. eq Vod. - \[{wak} : Wakashan languages\] - {wal} : Walamo eq Wolaytta. - {war} : Waray Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray (Samaren~o), not the smaller Philippine language Waray Sorsogon, nor the extinct Australian language Waray. - {was} : Washo eq Washoe - {cy} : Welsh - {wo} : Wolof - {x-...} : Unregistered (Semi-Private Use) "x-" is a prefix for language tags that are not registered with ISO or IANA. Example, x-double-dutch - {xh} : Xhosa - {sah} : Yakut - {yao} : Yao (The Yao in Malawi?) - {yap} : Yapese eq Yap - {yi} : Yiddish Formerly "ji". Sometimes in Roman script, sometimes in Hebrew script. - {yo} : Yoruba - \[{ypk} : Yupik languages\] Several "Eskimo" languages. - {znd} : Zande - \[{zap} : Zapotec\] (A group of languages.) - {zen} : Zenaga NOT Zend. - {za} : Zhuang - {zu} : Zulu - {zun} : Zuni eq Zun~i ## SEE ALSO I18N::LangTags and its "See Also" section. ## COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER Copyright (c) 2001,2002 Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved. You can redistribute and/or modify this document under the same terms as Perl itself. This document is provided in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of accuracy, authoritativeness, completeness, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. Email any corrections or questions to me. ## AUTHOR Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org