--- name: "I18N::LangTags::List" section: "3p" platform: "openbsd" package: "man" version: "8.0-current-20261101" release: "OpenBSD 8.0-current (2026-11-01)" platforms: ["openbsd"] url: "https://new.carta.tech/I18N::LangTags::List" --- # I18N::LangTags::List(3p) ## NAME I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages ## SYNOPSIS ``` use I18N::LangTags::List; print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ', I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') || 'unknown_language', I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language', I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') || 'unknown_language', I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language', ), "?\n"; ``` prints: ``` Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English? ``` ## DESCRIPTION This module provides a function `I18N::LangTags::List::name( `*langtag*` ) ` that takes a language tag (see I18N::LangTags) and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or undef if it can't make sense of the tag. The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported. This module also provides a function `I18N::LangTags::List::is_decent( `*langtag*` )` that returns true iff the language tag is syntactically valid and is for general use (like "fr" or "fr-ca", below). That is, it returns false for tags that are syntactically invalid and for tags, like "aus", that are listed in brackets below. This function is not exported. The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessible as `%I18N::LangTags::List::Name`, and it's the same as the list that follows in this documentation, which should be useful to you even if you don't use this module. ## ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a formalism for denoting human languages. The two-letter ISO 639-1 language codes are well known (as "en" for English), as are their forms when qualified by a country code ("en-US"). Less well-known are the arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like "i-mingo"), and the recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes. Remember these important facts: - • Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale ID is written with a "\_" instead of a "-", (almost?) always matches `"m/^\w\w_\w\w\b/"`, and *means* something different than a language tag. A language tag denotes a language. A locale ID denotes a language *as used in* a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic location-specific information such as what currency is used there. Locales *also* often denote character set information, as in "en\_US.ISO8859-1". - • Language tags are not for computer languages. - • "Dialect" is not a useful term, since there is no objective criterion for establishing when two language-forms are dialects of eachother, or are separate languages. - • Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc., are all the same tag, and denote the same language. - • Not every language tag really refers to a single language. Some language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined language). Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as with cus "Cushitic (Other)" (i.e., a language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent sai for "South American Indian (Other)". Though useful in bibliography, **SUCH TAGS ARE NOT** **FOR GENERAL USE**. For further guidance, email me. - • Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they are often distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and ISO 3166 country code `".jp"` for Japan. ## LIST OF LANGUAGES The first part of each item is the language tag, between {...}. It is followed by an English name for the language or language-group. Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed. This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language. - {ab} : Abkhazian eq Abkhaz - {ace} : Achinese - {ach} : Acoli - {ada} : Adangme - {ady} : Adyghe eq Adygei - {aa} : Afar - {afh} : Afrihili (Artificial) - {af} : Afrikaans - \[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)\] - {ak} : Akan (Formerly "aka".) - {akk} : Akkadian (Historical) - {sq} : Albanian - {ale} : Aleut - \[{alg} : Algonquian languages\] NOT Algonquin! - \[{tut} : Altaic (Other)\] - {am} : Amharic NOT Aramaic! - {i-ami} : Ami eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca. - \[{apa} : Apache languages\] - {ar} : Arabic Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {ar-ae} UAE Arabic; {ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic; {ar-dz} Algerian Arabic; {ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic; {ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic; {ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic; {ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic; {ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic; {ar-ly} Libyan Arabic; {ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic; {ar-om} Omani Arabic; {ar-qa} Qatari Arabic; {ar-sa} Sauda Arabic; {ar-sy} Syrian Arabic; {ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic; {ar-ye} Yemen Arabic. - {arc} : Aramaic NOT Amharic! NOT Samaritan Aramaic! - {arp} : Arapaho - {arn} : Araucanian - {arw} : Arawak - {hy} : Armenian - {an} : Aragonese - \[{art} : Artificial (Other)\] - {ast} : Asturian eq Bable. - {as} : Assamese - \[{ath} : Athapascan languages\] eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan. - \[{aus} : Australian languages\] - \[{map} : Austronesian (Other)\] - {av} : Avaric (Formerly "ava".) - {ae} : Avestan eq Zend - {awa} : Awadhi - {ay} : Aymara - {az} : Azerbaijani eq Azeri Notable forms: {az-arab} Azerbaijani in Arabic script; {az-cyrl} Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script; {az-latn} Azerbaijani in Latin script. - {ban} : Balinese - \[{bat} : Baltic (Other)\] - {bal} : Baluchi - {bm} : Bambara (Formerly "bam".) - \[{bai} : Bamileke languages\] - {bad} : Banda - \[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)\] - {bas} : Basa - {ba} : Bashkir - {eu} : Basque - {btk} : Batak (Indonesia) - {bej} : Beja - {be} : Belarusian eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian. eq Belorussian. eq Byelorussian. eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian. NOT Ruthenian! - {bem} : Bemba - {bn} : Bengali eq Bangla. - \[{ber} : Berber (Other)\] - {bho} : Bhojpuri - {bh} : Bihari - {bik} : Bikol - {bin} : Bini - {bi} : Bislama eq Bichelamar. - {bs} : Bosnian - {bra} : Braj - {br} : Breton - {bug} : Buginese - {bg} : Bulgarian - {i-bnn} : Bunun - {bua} : Buriat - {my} : Burmese - {cad} : Caddo - {car} : Carib - {ca} : Catalan eq Catalán. eq Catalonian. - \[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)\] - {ceb} : Cebuano - \[{cel} : Celtic (Other)\] Notable forms: {cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical) - \[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)\] - {chg} : Chagatai (Historical?) - \[{cmc} : Chamic languages\] - {ch} : Chamorro - {ce} : Chechen - {chr} : Cherokee eq Tsalagi - {chy} : Cheyenne - {chb} : Chibcha (Historical) NOT Chibchan (which is a language family). - {ny} : Chichewa eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja. - {zh} : Chinese Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {zh-hans} Chinese, in simplified script; {zh-hant} Chinese, in traditional script; {zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese; {zh-cn} PRC Chinese; {zh-sg} Singapore Chinese; {zh-mo} Macau Chinese; {zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese; {zh-guoyu} Mandarin \[Putonghua/Guoyu\]; {zh-hakka} Hakka \[formerly "i-hakka"\]; {zh-min} Hokkien; {zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien; {zh-wuu} Shanghaiese; {zh-xiang} Hunanese; {zh-gan} Gan; {zh-yue} Cantonese. - {chn} : Chinook Jargon eq Chinook Wawa. - {chp} : Chipewyan - {cho} : Choctaw - {cu} : Church Slavic eq Old Church Slavonic. - {chk} : Chuukese eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk. - {cv} : Chuvash - {cop} : Coptic - {kw} : Cornish - {co} : Corsican eq Corse. - {cr} : Cree NOT Creek! (Formerly "cre".) - {mus} : Creek NOT Cree! - \[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)\] - \[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)\] - \[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)\] - \[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)\] - {hr} : Croatian eq Croat. - \[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)\] - {cs} : Czech - {dak} : Dakota eq Nakota. eq Latoka. - {da} : Danish - {dar} : Dargwa - {day} : Dayak - {i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language Defined in RFC 2277, this is for tagging text (which must include English text, and might/should include text in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context where language-negotiation wasn't possible -- in SMTP mail failure messages, for example. - {del} : Delaware - {din} : Dinka - {dv} : Divehi eq Maldivian. (Formerly "div".) - {doi} : Dogri NOT Dogrib! - {dgr} : Dogrib NOT Dogri! - \[{dra} : Dravidian (Other)\] - {dua} : Duala - {nl} : Dutch eq Netherlander. Notable forms: {nl-nl} Netherlands Dutch; {nl-be} Belgian Dutch. - {dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350) (Historical) - {dyu} : Dyula - {dz} : Dzongkha - {efi} : Efik - {egy} : Ancient Egyptian (Historical) - {eka} : Ekajuk - {elx} : Elamite (Historical) - {en} : English Notable forms: {en-au} Australian English; {en-bz} Belize English; {en-ca} Canadian English; {en-gb} UK English; {en-ie} Irish English; {en-jm} Jamaican English; {en-nz} New Zealand English; {en-ph} Philippine English; {en-tt} Trinidad English; {en-us} US English; {en-za} South African English; {en-zw} Zimbabwe English. - {enm} : Old English (1100-1500) (Historical) - {ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100) eq Anglo-Saxon. (Historical) - {i-enochian} : Enochian (Artificial) - {myv} : Erzya - {eo} : Esperanto (Artificial) - {et} : Estonian - {ee} : Ewe (Formerly "ewe".) - {ewo} : Ewondo - {fan} : Fang - {fat} : Fanti - {fo} : Faroese - {fj} : Fijian - {fi} : Finnish - \[{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)\] eq Finno-Ugric. NOT Ugaritic! - {fon} : Fon - {fr} : French Notable forms: {fr-fr} France French; {fr-be} Belgian French; {fr-ca} Canadian French; {fr-ch} Swiss French; {fr-lu} Luxembourg French; {fr-mc} Monaco French. - {frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600) (Historical) - {fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400) (Historical) - {fy} : Frisian - {fur} : Friulian - {ff} : Fulah (Formerly "ful".) - {gaa} : Ga - {gd} : Scots Gaelic NOT Scots! - {gl} : Gallegan eq Galician - {lg} : Ganda (Formerly "lug".) - {gay} : Gayo - {gba} : Gbaya - {gez} : Geez eq Ge'ez - {ka} : Georgian - {de} : German Notable forms: {de-at} Austrian German; {de-be} Belgian German; {de-ch} Swiss German; {de-de} Germany German; {de-li} Liechtenstein German; {de-lu} Luxembourg German. - {gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500) (Historical) - {goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050) (Historical) - \[{gem} : Germanic (Other)\] - {gil} : Gilbertese - {gon} : Gondi - {gor} : Gorontalo - {got} : Gothic (Historical) - {grb} : Grebo - {grc} : Ancient Greek (Historical) (Until 15th century or so.) - {el} : Modern Greek (Since 15th century or so.) - {gn} : Guarani Guaraní - {gu} : Gujarati - {gwi} : Gwich'in eq Gwichin - {hai} : Haida - {ht} : Haitian eq Haitian Creole - {ha} : Hausa - {haw} : Hawaiian Hawai'ian - {he} : Hebrew (Formerly "iw".) - {hz} : Herero - {hil} : Hiligaynon - {him} : Himachali - {hi} : Hindi - {ho} : Hiri Motu - {hit} : Hittite (Historical) - {hmn} : Hmong - {hu} : Hungarian - {hup} : Hupa - {iba} : Iban - {is} : Icelandic - {io} : Ido (Artificial) - {ig} : Igbo (Formerly "ibo".) - {ijo} : Ijo - {ilo} : Iloko - \[{inc} : Indic (Other)\] - \[{ine} : Indo-European (Other)\] - {id} : Indonesian (Formerly "in".) - {inh} : Ingush - {ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) (Artificial) NOT Interlingue! - {ie} : Interlingue (Artificial) NOT Interlingua! - {iu} : Inuktitut A subform of "Eskimo". - {ik} : Inupiaq A subform of "Eskimo". - \[{ira} : Iranian (Other)\] - {ga} : Irish - {mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200) (Historical) - {sga} : Old Irish (to 900) (Historical) - \[{iro} : Iroquoian languages\] - {it} : Italian Notable forms: {it-it} Italy Italian; {it-ch} Swiss Italian. - {ja} : Japanese (NOT "jp"!) - {jv} : Javanese (Formerly "jw" because of a typo.) - {jrb} : Judeo-Arabic - {jpr} : Judeo-Persian - {kbd} : Kabardian - {kab} : Kabyle - {kac} : Kachin - {kl} : Kalaallisut eq Greenlandic "Eskimo" - {xal} : Kalmyk - {kam} : Kamba - {kn} : Kannada eq Kanarese. NOT Canadian! - {kr} : Kanuri (Formerly "kau".) - {krc} : Karachay-Balkar - {kaa} : Kara-Kalpak - {kar} : Karen - {ks} : Kashmiri - {csb} : Kashubian eq Kashub - {kaw} : Kawi - {kk} : Kazakh - {kha} : Khasi - {km} : Khmer eq Cambodian. eq Kampuchean. - \[{khi} : Khoisan (Other)\] - {kho} : Khotanese - {ki} : Kikuyu eq Gikuyu. - {kmb} : Kimbundu - {rw} : Kinyarwanda - {ky} : Kirghiz - {i-klingon} : Klingon - {kv} : Komi - {kg} : Kongo (Formerly "kon".) - {kok} : Konkani - {ko} : Korean - {kos} : Kosraean - {kpe} : Kpelle - {kro} : Kru - {kj} : Kuanyama - {kum} : Kumyk - {ku} : Kurdish - {kru} : Kurukh - {kut} : Kutenai - {lad} : Ladino eq Judeo-Spanish. NOT Ladin (a minority language in Italy). - {lah} : Lahnda NOT Lamba! - {lam} : Lamba NOT Lahnda! - {lo} : Lao eq Laotian. - {la} : Latin (Historical) NOT Ladin! NOT Ladino! - {lv} : Latvian eq Lettish. - {lb} : Letzeburgesch eq Luxemburgian, eq Luxemburger. (Formerly "i-lux".) - {lez} : Lezghian - {li} : Limburgish eq Limburger, eq Limburgan. NOT Letzeburgesch! - {ln} : Lingala - {lt} : Lithuanian - {nds} : Low German eq Low Saxon. eq Low German. eq Low Saxon. - {art-lojban} : Lojban (Artificial) - {loz} : Lozi - {lu} : Luba-Katanga (Formerly "lub".) - {lua} : Luba-Lulua - {lui} : Luiseno eq Luiseño. - {lun} : Lunda - {luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania) - {lus} : Lushai - {mk} : Macedonian eq the modern Slavic language spoken in what was Yugoslavia. NOT the form of Greek spoken in Greek Macedonia! - {mad} : Madurese - {mag} : Magahi - {mai} : Maithili - {mak} : Makasar - {mg} : Malagasy - {ms} : Malay NOT Malayalam! - {ml} : Malayalam NOT Malay! - {mt} : Maltese - {mnc} : Manchu - {mdr} : Mandar NOT Mandarin! - {man} : Mandingo - {mni} : Manipuri eq Meithei. - \[{mno} : Manobo languages\] - {gv} : Manx - {mi} : Maori NOT Mari! - {mr} : Marathi - {chm} : Mari NOT Maori! - {mh} : Marshall eq Marshallese. - {mwr} : Marwari - {mas} : Masai - \[{myn} : Mayan languages\] - {men} : Mende - {mic} : Micmac - {min} : Minangkabau - {i-mingo} : Mingo eq the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca. NOT New York Seneca! - \[{mis} : Miscellaneous languages\] Don't use this. - {moh} : Mohawk - {mdf} : Moksha - {mo} : Moldavian eq Moldovan. - \[{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)\] - {lol} : Mongo - {mn} : Mongolian eq Mongol. - {mos} : Mossi - \[{mul} : Multiple languages\] Not for normal use. - \[{mun} : Munda languages\] - {nah} : Nahuatl - {nap} : Neapolitan - {na} : Nauru - {nv} : Navajo eq Navaho. (Formerly "i-navajo".) - {nd} : North Ndebele - {nr} : South Ndebele - {ng} : Ndonga - {ne} : Nepali eq Nepalese. Notable forms: {ne-np} Nepal Nepali; {ne-in} India Nepali. - {new} : Newari - {nia} : Nias - \[{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)\] - \[{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)\] - {niu} : Niuean - {nog} : Nogai - {non} : Old Norse (Historical) - \[{nai} : North American Indian\] Do not use this. - {no} : Norwegian Note the two following forms: - {nb} : Norwegian Bokmal eq Bokmål, (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly "no-bok".) - {nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly "no-nyn".) - \[{nub} : Nubian languages\] - {nym} : Nyamwezi - {nyn} : Nyankole - {nyo} : Nyoro - {nzi} : Nzima - {oc} : Occitan (post 1500) eq Provençal, eq Provencal - {oj} : Ojibwa eq Ojibwe. (Formerly "oji".) - {or} : Oriya - {om} : Oromo - {osa} : Osage - {os} : Ossetian; Ossetic - \[{oto} : Otomian languages\] Group of languages collectively called "Otomí". - {pal} : Pahlavi eq Pahlevi - {i-pwn} : Paiwan eq Pariwan - {pau} : Palauan - {pi} : Pali (Historical?) - {pam} : Pampanga - {pag} : Pangasinan - {pa} : Panjabi eq Punjabi - {pap} : Papiamento eq Papiamentu. - \[{paa} : Papuan (Other)\] - {fa} : Persian eq Farsi. eq Iranian. - {peo} : Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.) - \[{phi} : Philippine (Other)\] - {phn} : Phoenician (Historical) - {pon} : Pohnpeian NOT Pompeiian! - {pl} : Polish - {pt} : Portuguese eq Portugese. Notable forms: {pt-pt} Portugal Portuguese; {pt-br} Brazilian Portuguese. - \[{pra} : Prakrit languages\] - {pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500) eq Old Provençal. (Historical.) - {ps} : Pushto eq Pashto. eq Pushtu. - {qu} : Quechua eq Quecha. - {rm} : Raeto-Romance eq Romansh. - {raj} : Rajasthani - {rap} : Rapanui - {rar} : Rarotongan - \[{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.\] - \[{roa} : Romance (Other)\] NOT Romanian! NOT Romany! NOT Romansh! - {ro} : Romanian eq Rumanian. NOT Romany! - {rom} : Romany eq Rom. NOT Romanian! - {rn} : Rundi - {ru} : Russian NOT White Russian! NOT Rusyn! - \[{sal} : Salishan languages\] Large language group. - {sam} : Samaritan Aramaic NOT Aramaic! - {se} : Northern Sami eq Lappish. eq Lapp. eq (Northern) Saami. - {sma} : Southern Sami - {smn} : Inari Sami - {smj} : Lule Sami - {sms} : Skolt Sami - \[{smi} : Sami languages (Other)\] - {sm} : Samoan - {sad} : Sandawe - {sg} : Sango - {sa} : Sanskrit (Historical) - {sat} : Santali - {sc} : Sardinian eq Sard. - {sas} : Sasak - {sco} : Scots NOT Scots Gaelic! - {sel} : Selkup - \[{sem} : Semitic (Other)\] - {sr} : Serbian eq Serb. NOT Sorbian. Notable forms: {sr-cyrl} : Serbian in Cyrillic script; {sr-latn} : Serbian in Latin script. - {srr} : Serer - {shn} : Shan - {sn} : Shona - {sid} : Sidamo - {sgn-...} : Sign Languages Always use with a subtag. Notable forms: {sgn-gb} British Sign Language (BSL); {sgn-ie} Irish Sign Language (ESL); {sgn-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN); {sgn-us} American Sign Language (ASL). (And so on with other country codes as the subtag.) - {bla} : Siksika eq Blackfoot. eq Pikanii. - {sd} : Sindhi - {si} : Sinhalese eq Sinhala. - \[{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)\] - \[{sio} : Siouan languages\] - {den} : Slave (Athapascan) ("Slavey" is a subform.) - \[{sla} : Slavic (Other)\] - {sk} : Slovak eq Slovakian. - {sl} : Slovenian eq Slovene. - {sog} : Sogdian - {so} : Somali - {son} : Songhai - {snk} : Soninke - {wen} : Sorbian languages eq Wendish. eq Sorb. eq Lusatian. eq Wend. NOT Venda! NOT Serbian! - {nso} : Northern Sotho - {st} : Southern Sotho eq Sutu. eq Sesotho. - \[{sai} : South American Indian (Other)\] - {es} : Spanish Notable forms: {es-ar} Argentine Spanish; {es-bo} Bolivian Spanish; {es-cl} Chilean Spanish; {es-co} Colombian Spanish; {es-do} Dominican Spanish; {es-ec} Ecuadorian Spanish; {es-es} Spain Spanish; {es-gt} Guatemalan Spanish; {es-hn} Honduran Spanish; {es-mx} Mexican Spanish; {es-pa} Panamanian Spanish; {es-pe} Peruvian Spanish; {es-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish; {es-py} Paraguay Spanish; {es-sv} Salvadoran Spanish; {es-us} US Spanish; {es-uy} Uruguayan Spanish; {es-ve} Venezuelan Spanish. - {suk} : Sukuma - {sux} : Sumerian (Historical) - {su} : Sundanese - {sus} : Susu - {sw} : Swahili eq Kiswahili - {ss} : Swati - {sv} : Swedish Notable forms: {sv-se} Sweden Swedish; {sv-fi} Finland Swedish. - {syr} : Syriac - {tl} : Tagalog - {ty} : Tahitian - \[{tai} : Tai (Other)\] NOT Thai! - {tg} : Tajik - {tmh} : Tamashek - {ta} : Tamil - {i-tao} : Tao eq Yami. - {tt} : Tatar - {i-tay} : Tayal eq Atayal. eq Atayan. - {te} : Telugu - {ter} : Tereno - {tet} : Tetum - {th} : Thai NOT Tai! - {bo} : Tibetan - {tig} : Tigre - {ti} : Tigrinya - {tem} : Timne eq Themne. eq Timene. - {tiv} : Tiv - {tli} : Tlingit - {tpi} : Tok Pisin - {tkl} : Tokelau - {tog} : Tonga (Nyasa) NOT Tsonga! - {to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands) (Pronounced "Tong-a", not "Tong-ga") NOT Tsonga! - {tsi} : Tsimshian eq Sm'algyax - {ts} : Tsonga NOT Tonga! - {i-tsu} : Tsou - {tn} : Tswana Same as Setswana. - {tum} : Tumbuka - \[{tup} : Tupi languages\] - {tr} : Turkish (Typically in Roman script) - {ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928) (Typically in Arabic script) (Historical) - {crh} : Crimean Turkish eq Crimean Tatar - {tk} : Turkmen eq Turkmeni. - {tvl} : Tuvalu - {tyv} : Tuvinian eq Tuvan. eq Tuvin. - {tw} : Twi - {udm} : Udmurt - {uga} : Ugaritic NOT Ugric! - {ug} : Uighur - {uk} : Ukrainian - {umb} : Umbundu - {und} : Undetermined Not a tag for normal use. - {ur} : Urdu - {uz} : Uzbek eq Özbek Notable forms: {uz-cyrl} Uzbek in Cyrillic script; {uz-latn} Uzbek in Latin script. - {vai} : Vai - {ve} : Venda NOT Wendish! NOT Wend! NOT Avestan! (Formerly "ven".) - {vi} : Vietnamese eq Viet. - {vo} : Volapuk eq Volapük. (Artificial) - {vot} : Votic eq Votian. eq Vod. - \[{wak} : Wakashan languages\] - {wa} : Walloon - {wal} : Walamo eq Wolaytta. - {war} : Waray Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray (Samareño), not the smaller Philippine language Waray Sorsogon, nor the extinct Australian language Waray. - {was} : Washo eq Washoe - {cy} : Welsh - {wo} : Wolof - {x-...} : Unregistered (Semi-Private Use) "x-" is a prefix for language tags that are not registered with ISO or IANA. Example, x-double-dutch - {xh} : Xhosa - {sah} : Yakut - {yao} : Yao (The Yao in Malawi?) - {yap} : Yapese eq Yap - {ii} : Sichuan Yi - {yi} : Yiddish Formerly "ji". Usually in Hebrew script. Notable forms: {yi-latn} Yiddish in Latin script - {yo} : Yoruba - \[{ypk} : Yupik languages\] Several "Eskimo" languages. - {znd} : Zande - \[{zap} : Zapotec\] (A group of languages.) - {zen} : Zenaga NOT Zend. - {za} : Zhuang - {zu} : Zulu - {zun} : Zuni eq Zuñi ## SEE ALSO I18N::LangTags and its "See Also" section. ## COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER Copyright (c) 2001+ Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved. You can redistribute and/or modify this document under the same terms as Perl itself. This document is provided in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of accuracy, authoritativeness, completeness, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. Email any corrections or questions to me. ## AUTHOR Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org