Reference

Bio::Tools::Run::Alignment::Clustalw(3pm)

Object for the calculation of a multiple sequence alignment from a set of unaligned sequences or alignments using the Clustalw program

NAME

Bio::Tools::Run::Alignment::Clustalw - Object for the calculation of a multiple sequence alignment from a set of unaligned sequences or alignments using the Clustalw program

VERSION

version 1.7.4

SYNOPSIS

  #  Build a clustalw alignment factory
  @params = ('ktuple' => 2, 'matrix' => 'BLOSUM');
  $factory = Bio::Tools::Run::Alignment::Clustalw->new(@params);
  #  Pass the factory a list of sequences to be aligned.
  $inputfilename = 't/data/cysprot.fa';
  $aln = $factory->align($inputfilename); # $aln is a SimpleAlign object.
  # or
  $seq_array_ref = \@seq_array;
  # where @seq_array is an array of Bio::Seq objects
  $aln = $factory->align($seq_array_ref);
  # Or one can pass the factory a pair of (sub)alignments
  #to be aligned against each other, e.g.:
  $aln = $factory->profile_align($aln1,$aln2);
  # where $aln1 and $aln2 are Bio::SimpleAlign objects.
  # Or one can pass the factory an alignment and one or more unaligned
  # sequences to be added to the alignment. For example:
  $aln = $factory->profile_align($aln1,$seq); # $seq is a Bio::Seq object.
  # Get a tree of the sequences
  $tree = $factory->tree(\@seq_array);
  # Get both an alignment and a tree
  ($aln, $tree) = $factory->run(\@seq_array);
  # Do a footprinting analysis on the supplied sequences, getting back the
  # most conserved sub-alignments
  my @results = $factory->footprint(\@seq_array);
  foreach my $result (@results) {
    print $result->consensus_string, "\n";
  }
  # There are various additional options and input formats available.
  # See the DESCRIPTION section that follows for additional details.

DESCRIPTION

Note: this DESCRIPTION only documents the Bioperl interface to Clustalw. Clustalw, itself, is a large & complex program - for more information regarding clustalw, please see the clustalw documentation which accompanies the clustalw distribution. Clustalw is available from (among others) ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/software/. Clustalw.pm has only been tested using version 1.8 of clustalw. Compatibility with earlier versions of the clustalw program is currently unknown. Before running Clustalw successfully it will be necessary: to install clustalw on your system, and to ensure that users have execute privileges for the clustalw program.

Helping the module find your executable

You will need to enable Clustalw to find the clustalw program. This can be done in (at least) three ways:

 1. Make sure the clustalw executable is in your path so that
    which clustalw
    returns a clustalw executable on your system.
 2. Define an environmental variable CLUSTALDIR which is a
    directory which contains the 'clustalw' application:
    In bash:
    export CLUSTALDIR=/home/username/clustalw1.8
    In csh/tcsh:
    setenv CLUSTALDIR /home/username/clustalw1.8
 3. Include a definition of an environmental variable CLUSTALDIR in
    every script that will use this Clustalw wrapper module, e.g.:
    BEGIN { $ENV{CLUSTALDIR} = '/home/username/clustalw1.8/' }
    use Bio::Tools::Run::Alignment::Clustalw;

If you are running an application on a webserver make sure the webserver environment has the proper PATH set or use the options 2 or 3 to set the variables.

How it works

Bio::Tools::Run::Alignment::Clustalw is an object for performing a multiple sequence alignment from a set of unaligned sequences and/or sub-alignments by means of the clustalw program.

Initially, a clustalw "factory object" is created. Optionally, the factory may be passed most of the parameters or switches of the clustalw program, e.g.:

  @params = ('ktuple' => 2, 'matrix' => 'BLOSUM');
  $factory = Bio::Tools::Run::Alignment::Clustalw->new(@params);

Any parameters not explicitly set will remain as the defaults of the clustalw program. Additional parameters and switches (not available in clustalw) may also be set. Currently, the only such parameter is "quiet", which when set to a non-zero value, suppresses clustalw terminal output. Not all clustalw parameters are supported at this stage.

By default, Clustalw output is returned solely in a the form of a Bio::SimpleAlign object which can then be printed and/or saved in multiple formats using the AlignIO.pm module. Optionally the raw clustalw output file can be saved if the calling script specifies an output file (with the clustalw parameter OUTFILE). Currently only the GCG-MSF output file formats is supported.

Not all parameters and features have been implemented yet in Perl format.

Alignment parameters can be changed and/or examined at any time after the factory has been created. The program checks that any parameter/switch being set/read is valid. However, currently no additional checks are included to check that parameters are of the proper type (eg string or numeric) or that their values are within the proper range. As an example, to change the value of the clustalw parameter ktuple to 3 and subsequently to check its value one would write:

  $ktuple = 3;
  $factory->ktuple($ktuple);
  $get_ktuple = $factory->ktuple();

Once the factory has been created and the appropriate parameters set, one can call the method align() to align a set of unaligned sequences, or call profile_align() to add one or more sequences or a second alignment to an initial alignment.

Input to align() may consist of a set of unaligned sequences in the form of the name of file containing the sequences. For example,

  $inputfilename = 't/data/cysprot.fa';
  $aln = $factory-E<gt>align($inputfilename);

Alternately one can create an array of Bio::Seq objects somehow

  $str = Bio::SeqIO->new(-file=> 't/data/cysprot.fa', -format => 'Fasta');
  @seq_array =();
  while ( my $seq = $str->next_seq() ) {push (@seq_array, $seq) ;}

and pass the factory a reference to that array

  $seq_array_ref = \@seq_array;
  $aln = $factory->align($seq_array_ref);

In either case, align() returns a reference to a SimpleAlign object which can then used (see Bio::SimpleAlign).

Once an initial alignment exists, one can pass the factory additional sequence(s) to be added (ie aligned) to the original alignment. The alignment can be passed as either an alignment file or a Bio:SimpleAlign object. The unaligned sequence(s) can be passed as a filename or as an array of BioPerl sequence objects or as a single BioPerl Seq object. For example (to add a single sequence to an alignment),

  $str = Bio::AlignIO->new(-file=> 't/data/cysprot1a.msf');
  $aln = $str->next_aln();
  $str1 = Bio::SeqIO->new(-file=> 't/data/cysprot1b.fa');
  $seq = $str1->next_seq();
  $aln = $factory->profile_align($aln,$seq);

In either case, profile_align() returns a reference to a SimpleAlign object containing a new SimpleAlign object of the alignment with the additional sequence(s) added in.

Finally one can pass the factory a pair of (sub)alignments to be aligned against each other. The alignments can be passed in the form of either a pair of alignment files or a pair of Bio:SimpleAlign objects. For example,

  $profile1 = 't/data/cysprot1a.msf';
  $profile2 = 't/data/cysprot1b.msf';
  $aln = $factory->profile_align($profile1,$profile2);

or

  $str1 = Bio::AlignIO->new(-file=> 't/data/cysprot1a.msf');
  $aln1 = $str1->next_aln();
  $str2 = Bio::AlignIO->new(-file=> 't/data/cysprot1b.msf');
  $aln2 = $str2->next_aln();
  $aln = $factory->profile_align($aln1,$aln2);

In either case, profile_align() returns a reference to a SimpleAlign object containing an (super)alignment of the two input alignments.

For more examples of syntax and use of Clustalw, the user is encouraged to look at the script Clustalw.t in the t/ directory.

Note: Clustalw is still under development. Various features of the clustalw program have not yet been implemented. If you would like that a specific clustalw feature be added to this perl contact [email protected].

These can be specified as parameters when instantiating a new Clustalw object, or through get/set methods of the same name (lowercase).

INTERNAL METHODS

_run

 Title   : _run
 Usage   : Internal function, not to be called directly
 Function: makes actual system call to clustalw program
 Returns : nothing; clustalw output is written to a
           temporary file
 Args    : Name of a file containing a set of unaligned fasta sequences
           and hash of parameters to be passed to clustalw

_setinput()

 Title   : _setinput
 Usage   : Internal function, not to be called directly
 Function: Create input file for clustalw program
 Returns : name of file containing clustalw data input
 Args    : Seq or Align object reference or input file name

_setparams()

 Title   : _setparams
 Usage   : Internal function, not to be called directly
 Function: Create parameter inputs for clustalw program
 Returns : parameter string to be passed to clustalw
           during align or profile_align
 Args    : name of calling object

EXAMPLE

You will need to have installed clustalw and to ensure that Clustalw.pm can find it. This can be done in different ways (bash syntax):

  export PATH=$PATH:/home/peter/clustalw1.8

or define an environmental variable CLUSTALDIR:

  export CLUSTALDIR=/home/peter/clustalw1.8

or include a definition of an environmental variable CLUSTALDIR in every script that will use Clustal.pm:

  BEGIN {$ENV{CLUSTALDIR} = '/home/peter/clustalw1.8/'; }

We are going to demonstrate 3 possible applications of Clustalw.pm:

1.

Test effect of varying clustalw alignment parameter(s) on resulting alignment

2.

Test effect of changing the order that sequences are added to the alignment on the resulting alignment

3.

Test effect of incorporating an "anchor point" in the alignment process

Before we can do any tests, we need to set up the environment, create the factory and read in the unaligned sequences.

  use Getopt::Long;
  use Bio::Tools::Run::Alignment::Clustalw;
  use Bio::SimpleAlign;
  use Bio::AlignIO;
  use Bio::SeqIO;
  use strict;
  # set some default values
  my $infile = 't/data/cysprot1a.fa';
  my @params = ('quiet' => 1 );
  my $do_only = '123';   # string listing examples to be executed. Default is to
                         # execute all tests (ie 1,2 and 3)
  my $param = 'ktuple';  # parameter to be varied in example 1
  my $startvalue = 1;    # initial value for parameter $param
  my $stopvalue = 3;     # final value for parameter $param
  my $regex = 'W[AT]F';  # regular expression for 'anchoring' alignment in example 3
  my $extension = 30;    # distance regexp anchor should be extended in each direction
                         # for local alignment in example 3
  my $helpflag = 0;      # Flag to show usage info.
  # get user options
  my @argv = @ARGV;  # copy ARGV before GetOptions() massacres it.
  &GetOptions("h!" => \$helpflag, "help!" => \$helpflag,
              "in=s" => \$infile,
              "param=s" => \$param,
              "do=s" =>  \$do_only,
              "start=i" =>  \$startvalue,
              "stop=i" =>  \$stopvalue,
              "ext=i" =>  \$extension,
              "regex=s" =>  \$regex,) ;
  if ($helpflag) { &clustalw_usage(); exit 0;}
  # create factory & set user-specified global clustalw parameters
  foreach my $argv (@argv) {
      unless ($argv =~ /^(.*)=>(.*)$/) { next;}
      push (@params, $1 => $2);
  }
  my $factory = Bio::Tools::Run::Alignment::Clustalw->new(@params);
  # put unaligned sequences in a Bio::Seq array
  my $str = Bio::SeqIO->new(-file=> $infile, '-format' => 'Fasta');
  my ($paramvalue, $aln, $subaln, @consensus, $seq_num, $string, $strout, $id);
  my @seq_array =();
  while ( my $seq = $str->next_seq() ) { push (@seq_array, $seq) ;}
  # Do each example that has digit present in variable $do_only
  $_= $do_only;
  /1/ && &vary_params();
  /2/ && &vary_align_order();
  /3/ && &anchored_align();
  ## End of "main"
  #################################################
  #   vary_params(): Example demonstrating varying of clustalw parameter
  #
  sub vary_params {
      print "Beginning parameter-varying example... \n";
      # Now we'll create several alignments, 1 for each value of the selected
      # parameter. We also compute a simple consensus string for each alignment.
      # (In the default case, we vary the "ktuple" parameter,  creating 3
      # alignments using ktuple values from 1 to 3.)
      my $index =0;
      for ($paramvalue = $startvalue; $paramvalue < ($stopvalue + 1); $paramvalue++) {
          $factory->$param($paramvalue);  # set parameter value
          print "Performing alignment with $param = $paramvalue \n";
          $aln = $factory->align(\@seq_array);
          $string = $aln->consensus_string(); # Get consensus of alignment
          # convert '?' to 'X' at non-consensus positions
          $string =~ s/\?/X/g;
          $consensus[$index] = Bio::Seq->new(-id=>"$param=$paramvalue",-seq=>$string);
          $index++;
      }
      # Compare consensus strings for alignments with different $param values by
      # making an alignment of the different consensus strings
      # $factory->ktuple(1);  # set ktuple parameter
      print "Performing alignment of $param consensus sequences \n";
      $aln = $factory->align(\@consensus);
      $strout = Bio::AlignIO->newFh('-format' => 'msf');
      print $strout $aln;
      return 1;
  }
  #################################################
  #   vary_align_order():
  #
  # For our second example, we'll test the effect of changing the order
  # that sequences are added to the alignment
  sub vary_align_order {
      print "\nBeginning alignment-order-changing example... \n";
      @consensus = ();  # clear array
      for ($seq_num = 0; $seq_num < scalar(@seq_array); $seq_num++) {
          my $obj_out = shift @seq_array;  # remove one Seq object from array and save
          $id = $obj_out->display_id;
          # align remaining sequences
          print "Performing alignment with sequence $id left out \n";
          $subaln = $factory->align(\@seq_array);
          # add left-out sequence to subalignment
          $aln = $factory->profile_align($subaln,$obj_out);
          $string = $aln->consensus_string(); # Get consensus of alignment
          # convert '?' to 'X' for non-consensus positions
          $string =~ s/\?/X/g;
          $consensus[$seq_num] = Bio::Seq->new(-id=>"$id left out",-seq=>$string);
          push @seq_array, $obj_out;  # return Seq object for next (sub) alignment
      }
      # Compare consensus strings for alignments created in different orders
      # $factory->ktuple(1);  # set ktuple parameter
      print "\nPerforming alignment of consensus sequences for different reorderings \n";
      print "Each consensus is labeled by the sequence which was omitted in the initial alignment\n";
      $aln = $factory->align(\@consensus);
      $strout = Bio::AlignIO->newFh('-format' => 'msf');
      print $strout $aln;
      return 1;
  }
  #################################################
  #   anchored_align()
  #
  # For our last example, we'll test a way to perform a local alignment by
  # "anchoring" the alignment to a regular expression.  This is similar
  # to the approach taken in the recent dbclustal program.
  # In principle, we could write a script to search for a good regular expression
  # to use. Instead, here we'll simply choose one manually after looking at the
  # previous alignments.
  sub anchored_align {
      my @local_array = ();
      my @seqs_not_matched = ();
      print "\n Beginning anchored-alignment example... \n";
      for ($seq_num = 0; $seq_num < scalar(@seq_array); $seq_num++) {
          my $seqobj = $seq_array[$seq_num];
          my $seq =  $seqobj->seq();
          my $id =  $seqobj->id();
          # if $regex is not found in the sequence, save sequence id name and set
          # array value =0 for later
          unless ($seq =~/$regex/) {
              $local_array[$seq_num] = 0;
              push (@seqs_not_matched, $id) ;
              next;
          }
          # find positions of start and of subsequence to be aligned
          my $match_start_pos = length($`);
          my $match_stop_pos = length($`) + length($&);
          my $start =  ($match_start_pos - $extension) > 1 ?
              ($match_start_pos - $extension) +1 : 1;
          my $stop =  ($match_stop_pos + $extension) < length($seq) ?
              ($match_stop_pos + $extension) : length($seq);
          my $string = $seqobj->subseq($start, $stop);
          $local_array[$seq_num] = Bio::Seq->new(-id=>$id, -seq=>$string);
      }
      @local_array = grep $_ , @local_array; # remove array entries with no match
      # Perform alignment on the local segments of the sequences which match "anchor"
      $aln = $factory->align(\@local_array);
      my $consensus  = $aln->consensus_string(); # Get consensus of local alignment
      if (scalar(@seqs_not_matched) ) {
          print " Sequences not matching $regex : @seqs_not_matched \n"
      } else {
          print " All sequences match $regex : @seqs_not_matched \n"
  }
      print "Consensus sequence of local alignment: $consensus \n";
      return 1;
  }
  #----------------
  sub clustalw_usage {
  #----------------
  #-----------------------
  # Prints usage information for general parameters.
      print STDERR <<"QQ_PARAMS_QQ";
   Command-line accessible script variables and commands:
   -------------------------------
   -h                 :  Display this usage info and exit.
   -in <str>          :  File containing input sequences in fasta format (default = $infile) .
   -do <str>          :  String listing examples to be executed. Default is to execute
                         all tests (ie default = '123')
   -param <str>   :  Parameter to be varied in example 1. Any clustalw parameter
                     which takes inteer values can be varied (default = 'ktuple')
   -start <int>   :  Initial value for varying parameter in example 1 (default = 1)
   -stop <int>    :  Final value for varying parameter (default = 3)
   -regex   <str> :  Regular expression for 'anchoring' alignment in example 3
                     (default = $regex)
   -ext <int>     :  Distance regexp anchor should be extended in each direction
                     for local alignment in example 3   (default = 30)
  In addition, any valid Clustalw parameter can be set using the syntax
  "parameter=>value" as in "ktuple=>3"
  So a typical command lines might be:
   > clustalw.pl -param=pairgap -start=2 -stop=3 -do=1 "ktuple=>3"
  or
   > clustalw.pl -ext=10 -regex='W[AST]F' -do=23 -in='t/cysprot1a.fa'
  QQ_PARAMS_QQ
  }

PARAMETER FOR ALIGNMENT COMPUTATION

KTUPLE

 Title       : KTUPLE
 Description : (optional) set the word size to be used in the alignment
               This is the size of exactly matching fragment that is used.
               INCREASE for speed (max= 2 for proteins; 4 for DNA),
               DECREASE for sensitivity.
               For longer sequences (e.g. >1000 residues) you may
               need to increase the default

TOPDIAGS

 Title       : TOPDIAGS
 Description : (optional) number of best diagonals to use
               The number of k-tuple matches on each diagonal
               (in an imaginary dot-matrix plot) is calculated.
               Only the best ones (with most matches) are used in
               the alignment.  This parameter specifies how many.
               Decrease for speed; increase for sensitivity.

WINDOW

 Title       : WINDOW
 Description : (optional) window size
               This is the number of diagonals around each of the 'best'
               diagonals that will be used.  Decrease for speed;
               increase for sensitivity.

PAIRGAP

 Title       : PAIRGAP
 Description : (optional) gap penalty for pairwise alignments
               This is a penalty for each gap in the fast alignments.
               It has little affect on the speed or sensitivity except
               for extreme values.

FIXEDGAP

 Title       : FIXEDGAP
 Description : (optional) fixed length gap penalty

FLOATGAP

 Title       : FLOATGAP
 Description : (optional) variable length gap penalty

MATRIX

 Title       : MATRIX
 Default     : PAM100 for DNA - PAM250 for protein alignment
 Description : (optional) substitution matrix used in the multiple
               alignments. Depends on the version of clustalw as to
               what default matrix will be used
               PROTEIN WEIGHT MATRIX leads to a new menu where you are
               offered a choice of weight matrices. The default for
               proteins in version 1.8 is the PAM series derived by
               Gonnet and colleagues. Note, a series is used! The
               actual matrix that is used depends on how similar the
               sequences to be aligned at this alignment step
               are. Different matrices work differently at each
               evolutionary distance.
               DNA WEIGHT MATRIX leads to a new menu where a single
               matrix (not a series) can be selected. The default is
               the matrix used by BESTFIT for comparison of nucleic
               acid sequences.

TYPE

 Title       : TYPE
 Description : (optional) sequence type: protein or DNA. This allows
                you to explicitly override the programs attempt at
                guessing the type of the sequence.  It is only useful
                if you are using sequences with a VERY strange
                composition.

OUTPUT

 Title       : OUTPUT
 Description : (optional) clustalw supports GCG or PHYLIP or PIR or
                Clustal format.  See the Bio::AlignIO modules for
                which formats are supported by bioperl.

OUTFILE

 Title       : OUTFILE
 Description : (optional) Name of clustalw output file. If not set
                module will erase output file.  In any case alignment will
                be returned in the form of SimpleAlign objects

TRANSMIT

 Title       : TRANSMIT
 Description : (optional) transitions not weighted.  The default is to
                weight transitions as more favourable than other
                mismatches in DNA alignments.  This switch makes all
                nucleotide mismatches equally weighted.

program_name

 Title   : program_name
 Usage   : $factory>program_name()
 Function: holds the program name
 Returns:  string
 Args    : None

program_dir

 Title   : program_dir
 Usage   : $factory->program_dir(@params)
 Function: returns the program directory, obtained from ENV variable.
 Returns:  string
 Args    :

version

 Title   : version
 Usage   : exit if $prog->version() < 1.8
 Function: Determine the version number of the program
 Example :
 Returns : float or undef
 Args    : none

run

 Title   : run
 Usage   : ($aln, $tree) = $factory->run($inputfilename);
           ($aln, $tree) = $factory->run($seq_array_ref);
 Function: Perform a multiple sequence alignment, generating a tree at the same
           time. (Like align() and tree() combined.)
 Returns : A SimpleAlign object containing the sequence alignment and a
           Bio::Tree::Tree object with the tree relating the sequences.
 Args    : Name of a file containing a set of unaligned fasta sequences
           or else an array of references to Bio::Seq objects.

align

 Title   : align
 Usage   : $inputfilename = 't/data/cysprot.fa';
           $aln = $factory->align($inputfilename);
           or
           $seq_array_ref = \@seq_array; # @seq_array is array of Seq objs
           $aln = $factory->align($seq_array_ref);
 Function: Perform a multiple sequence alignment
 Returns : Reference to a SimpleAlign object containing the
           sequence alignment.
 Args    : Name of a file containing a set of unaligned fasta sequences
           or else an array of references to Bio::Seq objects.
 Throws an exception if argument is not either a string (eg a
 filename) or a reference to an array of Bio::Seq objects.  If
 argument is string, throws exception if file corresponding to string
 name can not be found. If argument is Bio::Seq array, throws
 exception if less than two sequence objects are in array.

profile_align

 Title   : profile_align
 Usage   : $aln = $factory->profile_align(@simple_aligns);
           or
           $aln = $factory->profile_align(@subalignment_filenames);
 Function: Perform an alignment of 2 (sub)alignments
 Returns : Reference to a SimpleAlign object containing the (super)alignment.
 Args    : Names of 2 files containing the subalignments
           or references to 2 Bio::SimpleAlign objects.

Throws an exception if arguments are not either strings (eg filenames) or references to SimpleAlign objects.

add_sequences

 Title   : add_sequences
 Usage   :
 Function: Align and add sequences into an alignment
 Example :
 Returns : Reference to a SimpleAlign object containing the (super)alignment.
 Args    : Names of 2 files, the first one containing an alignment and the second one containing sequences to be added
         or references to 2 Bio::SimpleAlign objects.

Throws an exception if arguments are not either strings (eg filenames) or references to SimpleAlign objects.

tree

 Title   : tree
 Usage   : @params = ('bootstrap' => 1000,
                      'tossgaps'  => 1,
                      'kimura'    => 1,
                      'seed'      => 121,
                      'bootlabels'=> 'nodes',
                      'quiet'     => 1);
           $factory = Bio::Tools::Run::Alignment::Clustalw->new(@params);
           $tree_obj = $factory->tree($aln_obj);
           or
           $tree_obj = $factory->tree($treefilename);
 Function: Retrieve a tree corresponding to the input
 Returns : Bio::TreeIO object
 Args    : Bio::SimpleAlign or filename of a tree

footprint

 Title   : footprint
 Usage   : @alns = $factory->footprint($treefilename, $window_size, $diff);
           @alns = $factory->footprint($seqs_array_ref);
 Function: Aligns all the supplied sequences and slices out of the alignment
           those regions along a sliding window who's tree length differs
           significantly from the total average tree length.
 Returns : list of Bio::SimpleAlign objects
 Args    : first argument as per run(), optional second argument to specify
           the size of the sliding window (default 5 bp) and optional third
           argument to specify the % difference from the total tree length
           needed for a window to be considered a footprint (default 33%).

FEEDBACK

Mailing lists

User feedback is an integral part of the evolution of this and other Bioperl modules. Send your comments and suggestions preferably to the Bioperl mailing list. Your participation is much appreciated.

  [email protected]              - General discussion
  http://bioperl.org/Support.html    - About the mailing lists

Support

Please direct usage questions or support issues to the mailing list: [email protected]

rather than to the module maintainer directly. Many experienced and reponsive experts will be able look at the problem and quickly address it. Please include a thorough description of the problem with code and data examples if at all possible.

Reporting bugs

Report bugs to the Bioperl bug tracking system to help us keep track of the bugs and their resolution. Bug reports can be submitted via the web:

  https://github.com/bioperl/bio-tools-run-alignment-clustalw/issues

AUTHORS

Peter Schattner <[email protected]>

Jason Stajich <[email protected]>

Sendu Bala <[email protected]>

COPYRIGHT

This software is copyright (c) by Peter Schattner <[email protected]>.

This software is available under the same terms as the perl 5 programming language system itself.

History